The American Promise: A Compact History, High School Binding
by Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Lawson, Alan; Hartmann, Susan M.Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-07-27
Publisher(s): Bedford/St. Martin's
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Summary
The American Promise: A Compact Historycombines a dynamic narrative, stunning visuals, and abundant help for students in a unique mid-sized format that makes this text easier to teach, read, and study than any other book on the market. Delivered within a clear political framework and condensed by the authors themselves to provide just the right amount of reading, the narrative brings history to life through the voices and perspectives of people who embraced and contested America's promise. With more full-color maps, illustrations, artifacts, and features than any competing text, this mid-sized book provides exceptional support for teaching and learning. Enhanced with more tools for study and review, and offered at a price thirty percent lower (or more) than most full-length texts, the third compact edition is just the right choice for many courses.
Author Biography
James L. Roark is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of History at Emory University. In 1993, he received the Emory Williams Distinguished Teaching Award, and in 2001-2002 he was the Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University. He has written Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. With Michael P. Johnson, he is author of Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South and editor of No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War. He has received research assistance from the American Philosophical Society, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
Michael P. Johnson is professor of history at the Johns Hopkins University. His publications include Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia; with James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South and No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War; Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the Civil War: Selected Writings and Speeches; and Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents, the documents reader for The American Promise. Johnson has been awarded research fellowships by the American Council of Learned Societies; the National Endowment for the Humanities; the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University; and the Times Mirror Foundation Distinguished Research Fellowship at the Huntington Library. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar for College Teachers and has been honored with university awards for outstanding teaching. He won the William and Mary Quarterly award for best article in 2002 and the Organization of American Historians ABC-CLIO America: History and Life Award for best American history article in 2002.
Patricia Cline Cohen is professor of history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She has written A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America and The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York. She has published articles on quantitative literacy, mathematics education, prostitution, and murder. Her scholarly work has received assistance from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Humanities Center, the University of California President’s Fellowship in the Humanities, the Schlesinger Library, and the Newberry Library. In 2001-2002 she was the Distinguished Senior Mellon Fellow at the American Antiquarian Society. She served as chair of the history department at Santa Barbara from 2002 to 2005. She is at work on a book about women’s health advocate Mary Gove Nichols.
Sarah Stage is professor of women’s studies at Arizona State University. Her books include Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine and Rethinking Women and Home Economics in the Twentieth Century, which has been translated for a Japanese edition. She has received fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, the American Association of University Women, the Charles Warren Center for the Study of History at Harvard University, and the University of California President’s Fellowship in the Humanities. She is at work on a book entitled Women and the Progressive Impulse in American Politics, 1890-1914.
Alan Lawson is professor of history at Boston College. He has written The Failure of Independent Liberalism and coedited From Revolution to Republic. While completing the forthcoming Ideas in Crisis: The New Deal and the Mobilization of Progressive Experience, he has published book chapters and essays on political economy, the cultural legacy of the New Deal, multiculturalism, and the arts in public life. He has served as editor of the Review of Education and the Intellectual History Newsletter. Under the auspices of the United States Information Agency, Lawson has served as coordinator and lecturer for programs to instruct faculty from foreign nations in the state of American historical scholarship and teaching.
Susan M. Hartmann is professor of history at Ohio State University. She has written Truman and the 80th Congress; The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s; From Margin to Mainstream: Women and Politics since 1960; and The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal Establishment. Her work has been supported by the Truman Library Institute, the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Council of Learned Societies. At Ohio State she has served as director of women's studies, and in 1995 she won the Exemplary Faculty Award in the College of Humanities. Her current research is on gender and the transformation of politics since 1945.
Michael P. Johnson is professor of history at the Johns Hopkins University. His publications include Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia; with James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South and No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War; Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the Civil War: Selected Writings and Speeches; and Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents, the documents reader for The American Promise. Johnson has been awarded research fellowships by the American Council of Learned Societies; the National Endowment for the Humanities; the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University; and the Times Mirror Foundation Distinguished Research Fellowship at the Huntington Library. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar for College Teachers and has been honored with university awards for outstanding teaching. He won the William and Mary Quarterly award for best article in 2002 and the Organization of American Historians ABC-CLIO America: History and Life Award for best American history article in 2002.
Patricia Cline Cohen is professor of history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She has written A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America and The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York. She has published articles on quantitative literacy, mathematics education, prostitution, and murder. Her scholarly work has received assistance from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Humanities Center, the University of California President’s Fellowship in the Humanities, the Schlesinger Library, and the Newberry Library. In 2001-2002 she was the Distinguished Senior Mellon Fellow at the American Antiquarian Society. She served as chair of the history department at Santa Barbara from 2002 to 2005. She is at work on a book about women’s health advocate Mary Gove Nichols.
Sarah Stage is professor of women’s studies at Arizona State University. Her books include Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine and Rethinking Women and Home Economics in the Twentieth Century, which has been translated for a Japanese edition. She has received fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, the American Association of University Women, the Charles Warren Center for the Study of History at Harvard University, and the University of California President’s Fellowship in the Humanities. She is at work on a book entitled Women and the Progressive Impulse in American Politics, 1890-1914.
Alan Lawson is professor of history at Boston College. He has written The Failure of Independent Liberalism and coedited From Revolution to Republic. While completing the forthcoming Ideas in Crisis: The New Deal and the Mobilization of Progressive Experience, he has published book chapters and essays on political economy, the cultural legacy of the New Deal, multiculturalism, and the arts in public life. He has served as editor of the Review of Education and the Intellectual History Newsletter. Under the auspices of the United States Information Agency, Lawson has served as coordinator and lecturer for programs to instruct faculty from foreign nations in the state of American historical scholarship and teaching.
Susan M. Hartmann is professor of history at Ohio State University. She has written Truman and the 80th Congress; The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s; From Margin to Mainstream: Women and Politics since 1960; and The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal Establishment. Her work has been supported by the Truman Library Institute, the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Council of Learned Societies. At Ohio State she has served as director of women's studies, and in 1995 she won the Exemplary Faculty Award in the College of Humanities. Her current research is on gender and the transformation of politics since 1945.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Ancient America: Before 1492
Opening Vignette: Archaeological discovery proves that humans inhabited America for more than 10,000 years
Archaeology and History
The First Americans
African and Asian Origins
Paleo-Indian Hunters
Beyond America's Borders: Nature's Immigrants
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Great Plains Bison Hunters
Great Basin Cultures
Pacific Coast Cultures
Eastern Woodland Cultures
Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Southwestern Cultures
Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms
Native Americans in the 1490s
The Mexica: A Meso-American Culture
Conclusion: The World of Ancient Americans
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 2: Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492–1600
Opening Vignette: Christopher Columbus encounters the Tainos of San Salvador
Europe in the Age of Exploration
Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic
The Explorations of Columbus
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
The Conquest of Mexico
The Search for Other Mexicos
New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico
Documenting the American Promise: Justifying Conquest
The New World and Sixteenth-Century Europe
The Protestant Reformation and the European Order
New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions
Europe and the Spanish Example
Conclusion: The Promise of the New World for Europeans
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 3: The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
Opening Vignette: Pocahontas "rescues" John Smith
An English Colony on the Chesapeake
The Fragile Jamestown Settlement
Cooperation and Conflict between Natives and Newcomers
From Private Company to Royal Government
A Tobacco Society
Tobacco Agriculture
A Servant Labor System
Cultivating Land and Faith
Beyond America's Borders: American Tobacco and European Consumers
The Evolution of Chesapeake Society
Social and Economic Polarization
Government Policies and Political Conflict
Bacon's Rebellion
Religion and Revolt in the Spanish Borderland
Toward a Slave Labor System
The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery
Carolina: A West Indian Frontier
Slave Labor Emerges in the Chesapeake
Conclusion: The Growth of English Colonies Based on Export Crops and Slave Labor
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 4: The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
Opening Vignette: Roger Williams is banished from Puritan Massachusetts
Puritan Origins: The English Reformation
Puritans and the Settlement of New England
The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony
The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Documenting the American Promise: King Philip Considers Christianity
The Evolution of New England Society
Church, Covenant, and Conformity
Government by Puritans for Puritanism
The Splintering of Puritanism
Religious Controversies and Economic Changes
The Founding of the Middle Colonies
From New Netherland to New York
New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania
The Colonies and the British Empire
Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade
King Philip's War and the Consolidation of Royal Authority
Conclusion: An English Model of Colonization in North America
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 5: Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701–1770
Opening Vignette: Young Benjamin Franklin arrives in Philadelphia
A Growing Population and Expanding Economy in British North America
New England: From Puritan Settlers to Yankee Traders
Natural Increase and Land Distribution
Farms, Fish, and Trade
The Middle Colonies: Immigrants, Wheat, and Work
German and Scots-Irish Immigrants
Pennsylvania: "The Best Poor [White] Man's Country"
The Southern Colonies: Land of Slavery
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery
Slave Labor and African American Culture
Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity
Unifying Experiences
Commerce and Consumption
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
Bonds of the British Empire
Defending the Borderlands of Empire: Indians and French and Spanish Outposts
Colonial Politics in the British Empire
Documenting the American Promise: Missionaries Report on California Missions
Conclusion: The Dual Identity of British North American Colonists
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 6: The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754 – 1775
Opening Vignette: Loyalist governor Thomas Hutchinson stands his ground in radical Massachusetts
The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763
French-British Rivalry in the Ohio Country
The Albany Congress and Intercolonial Defense
The War and Its Consequences
British Leadership, Indians, and the Proclamation of 1763
Historical Question: How Long Did the Seven Years' War Last in Indian Country?
The Sugar and Stamp Acts, 1763–1765
Grenville's Sugar Act
The Stamp Act
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
Liberty and Property
The Townshend Acts and Economic Retaliation, 1767–1770
The Townshend Duties
Nonconsumption and the Daughters of Liberty
Military Occupation and "Massacre" in Boston
The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts, 1770–1774
The Calm before the Storm
Tea in Boston Harbor
The Coercive Acts
The First Continental Congress
Domestic Insurrections, 1774–1775
Lexington and Concord
Rebelling against Slavery
Conclusion: How Far Does Liberty Go?
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 7: The War for America, 1775–1783
Opening Vignette: Abigail Adams eagerly awaits independence
The Second Continental Congress
Assuming Political and Military Authority
Pursuing Both War and Peace
Thomas Paine and the Case for Independence
The Promise of Technology: Arming the Soldiers: Muskets and Rifles
The First Year of War, 1775–1776
The American Military Forces
The British Strategy
Quebec, New York, and New Jersey
The Home Front
Patriotism at the Local Level
The Loyalists
Who Is a Traitor?
Financial Instability and Corruption
The Campaigns of 1777–1779: The North and West
Burgoyne's Army and the Battle of Saratoga
The War in the West: Indian Country
The French Alliance
The Southern Strategy and the End of the War
Georgia and South Carolina
The Other Southern War: Guerrillas
Surrender at Yorktown
The Losers and the Winners
Conclusion: Why the British Lost
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 8: Building a Republic, 1775–1789
Opening Vignette: James Madison comes of age in the midst of revolution
The Articles of Confederation
Congress, Confederation, and the Problem of Western Lands
Running the New Government
The Sovereign States
The State Constitutions
Who Are "the People"?
Equality and Slavery
Documenting the American Promise: Blacks Petition for Freedom and Rights
The Critical Period
Financial Chaos and Paper Money
Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory
Shays's Rebellion, 1786–1787
The United States Constitution
From Annapolis to Philadelphia
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
Democracy versus Republicanism
Ratification of the Constitution
The Federalists
The Antifederalists
The Big Holdouts: Virginia and New York
Conclusion: The "Republican Remedy"
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 9: The New Nation Takes Form, 1789–1800
Opening Vignette: Alexander Hamilton struggles with the national debt
The Search for Stability
Washington Inaugurates the Government
The Bill of Rights
The Republican Wife and Mother
Beyond America's Borders: France, England, and Woman's Rights in the 1790s
Hamilton's Economic Policies
Agriculture, Transportation, and Banking
The Public Debt and Taxes
The First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures
The Whiskey Rebellion
Conflicts West, East, and South
To the West: The Indians
Across the Atlantic: France and England
To the South: The Haitian Revolution
Federalists and Republicans
The Election of 1796
The XYZ Affair
The Alien and Sedition Acts
Conclusion: Parties Nonetheless
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 10: Republicans in Power, 1800–1824
Opening Vignette: The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attempts to forge a pan-Indian confederacy
Jefferson's Presidency
Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion
The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Simplicity
The Judiciary and the Midnight Judges
The Promise of the West: The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Transatlantic Troubles: Impressment and Embargo
The Madisons in the White House
Women in Washington City
Indian Troubles in the West
The War of 1812
Washington City Burns: The British Offensive
The Promise of Technology: Stoves Transform Cooking
Women's Status in the Early Republic
Women and the Law
Women and Church Governance
Monroe and Adams
The Missouri Compromise
The Monroe Doctrine
The Election of 1824
The Adams Administration
Conclusion: Republican Simplicity Becomes Complex
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 11: The Expanding Republic, 1815–1840
Opening Vignette: The rise of Andrew Jackson, symbol of a self-confident and expanding nation
The Market Revolution
Improvements in Transportation
Factories, Workingwomen, and Wage Labor
Bankers and Lawyers
Booms and Busts
The Spread of Democracy
Popular Politics and Partisan Identity
The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue
Jackson's Democratic Agenda
Cultural Shifts, Religion, and Reform
The Family and Separate Spheres
The Education and Training of Youth
The Second Great Awakening
The Temperance Movement and the Campaign for Moral Reform
Organizing against Slavery
Beyond America's Borders: Transatlantic Abolition
Jackson Defines the Democratic Party
Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears
The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification
The Bank War and the Panic of 1837
Van Buren's One-Term Presidency
Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the Era of Reform?
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 12: The New West and Free North, 1840–1860
Opening Vignette: Young Abraham Lincoln and his family struggle to survive in antebellum America
The Westward Movement
Manifest Destiny
Oregon and the Overland Trail
The Mormon Exodus
The Mexican Borderlands
Expansion and the Mexican-American War
The Politics of Expansion
The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848
Victory in Mexico
Golden California
Historical Question: Who Rushed for California Gold?
Economic and Industrial Evolution
Agriculture and Land Policy
Manufacturing and Mechanization
Railroads: Breaking the Bonds of Nature
Free Labor: Promise and Reality
The Free-Labor Ideal: Freedom plus Labor
Economic Inequality
Immigrants and the Free-Labor Ladder
Reforming Self and Society
The Pursuit of Perfection: Transcendentalists and Utopians
Women's Rights Activists
Abolitionists and the American Ideal
Conclusion: Free Labor, Free Men
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 13: The Slave South, 1820–1860
Opening Vignette: Slave Nat Turner leads a revolt to end slavery
The Growing Distinctiveness of the South
Cotton Kingdom, Slave Empire
The South in Black and White
The Plantation Economy
Masters, Mistresses, and the Big House
Plantation Masters
Plantation Mistresses
Historical Question: How Often Were Slaves Whipped?
Slaves and the Quarter
Work
Family, Religion, and Community
Resistance and Rebellion
Black and Free: On the Middle Ground
Precarious Freedom
Achievement despite Restrictions
The Plain Folk
Plantation Belt Yeomen
Upcountry Yeomen
The Culture of the Plain Folk
The Politics of Slavery
The Democratization of the Political Arena
Planter Power
Conclusion: A Slave Society
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 14: The House Divided, 1846–1861
Opening Vignette: Abolitionist John Brown takes his war against slavery to Harper's Ferry, Virginia
The Bitter Fruits of War
The Wilmot Proviso and the Expansion of Slavery
The Election of 1848
Debate and Compromise
The Sectional Balance Undone
The Fugitive Slave Act
Uncle Tom's Cabin
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Beyond America's Borders: Filibusters: The Underside of Manifest Destiny
Realignment of the Party System
The Old Parties: Whigs and Democrats
The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans
The Election of 1856
Freedom under Siege
"Bleeding Kansas"
The Dred Scott Decision
Prairie Republican: Abraham Lincoln
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
The Union Collapses
The Aftermath of John Brown's Raid
Republican Victory in 1860
Secession Winter
Conclusion: Slavery, Free Labor, and the Failure of Political Compromise
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 15: The Crucible of War, 1861–1865
Opening Vignette: Runaway slave William Gould enlists in the U.S. navy
"And the War Came"
Attack on Fort Sumter
The Upper South Chooses Sides
The Combatants
How They Expected to Win
Lincoln and Davis Mobilize
Battling It Out, 1861–1862
Stalemate in the Eastern Theater
Union Victories in the Western Theater
War and Diplomacy in the Atlantic Theater
Union and Freedom
From Slaves to Contraband
From Contraband to Free People
War of Black Liberation
The South at War
Revolution from Above
Hardship Below
The Disintegration of Slavery
The North at War
The Government and the Economy
Women and Work on the Home Front
Politics and Dissent
Grinding Out Victory, 1863–1865
Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Grant Takes Command
The Election of 1864
The Confederacy Collapses
Historical Question: Why Did So Many Soldiers Die?
Conclusion: The Second American Revolution
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 16: Reconstruction, 1863–1877
Opening Vignette: Northern victory freed the field hand York, but it did not change his former master's mind about the need for slavery
Wartime Reconstruction
"To Bind Up the Nation's Wounds"
Land and Labor
The African American Quest for Autonomy
Documenting the American Promise: The Meaning of Freedom
Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson's Program of Reconciliation
White Southern Resistance and Black Codes
Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights
Congressional Reconstruction
The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence
Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule
Impeaching a President
The Fifteenth Amendment and Women's Demands
The Struggle in the South
Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen
Republican Rule
White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers
Reconstruction Collapses
Grant's Troubled Presidency
Northern Resolve Withers
White Supremacy Triumphs
An Election and a Compromise
Conclusion: "A Revolution But Half Accomplished"
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 17: Business and Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870–1895
Opening Vignette: Mark Twain and the Gilded Age
Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born
Railroads: America's First Big Business
Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration
John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust
New Inventions: The Telephone and Electricity
Documenting the American Promise: Rockefeller and His Critics
From Competition to Consolidation
J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism
Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth
Laissez-faire and the Supreme Court
Politics and Culture
Political Participation and Party Loyalty
Sectionalism and the New South
Gender, Race, and Politics
Women's Politics: The Origins of the Suffrage and Temperance Movements
Presidential Politics in the Gilded Age
Corruption and Party Strife
Garfield's Assassination and Civil Service Reform
Reform and Scandal: The Campaign of 1884
Economic Issues and Shifting Political Alliances
The Tariff and the Politics of Protection
Railroads, Trusts, and the Federal Government
The Fight for Free Silver
Panic and Depression
Conclusion: Business Dominates an Era
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 18: The West in the Gilded Age, 1870–1900
Opening Vignette: Native American boarding school students celebrate Indian citizenship
Gold Fever and the Mining West
Mining on the Comstock Lode
Territorial Government
The Promise of Technology: Hydraulic Mining
Land Fever
Moving West: Homesteaders and Speculators
Ranchers and Cowboys
Tenants, Sharecroppers, and Migrants
Commercial Farming and Industrial Cowboys
A Clash of Cultures
The Diverse Peoples of the West
Indian Wars
The Dawes Act and Indian Land Allotment
The Last Acts of Indian Resistance
The West of the Imagination
Conclusion: The West, an Integral Part of Gilded Age America
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 19: The City and Its Workers, 1870–1900
Opening Vignette: Workers build the Brooklyn Bridge
The Rise of the City
The Urban Explosion, a Global Migration
Racism and the Cry for Immigration Restriction
The Social Geography of the City
At Work in the City
America's Diverse Workers
The Family Economy: Women and Children
Managers and White Collars
"Typewriters" and Salesclerks
Workers Organize
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor
Haymarket and the Specter of Labor Radicalism
At Home and at Play
Domesticity and "Domestics"
Cheap Amusements
City Growth and City Government
Building Cities of Stone and Steel
City Government and the "Bosses"
White City or City of Sin?
Beyond America's Borders: The World's Columbian Exposition and Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs
Conclusion: Who Built the Cities?
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 20: Dissent, Depression, and War, 1890–1900
Opening Vignette: The people create the Populist Party in 1892
The Farmers' Revolt
The Farmers Alliance
The Populist Movement
Documenting the American Promise: Voices of Protest
The Labor Wars
The Homestead Lockout
The Cripple Creek Miners' Strike
Eugene V. Debs and the Pullman Strike
Women's Activism
Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and the Movement for Woman Suffrage
Depression Politics
Coxey's Army
The People's Party and the Election of 1896
The United States and the World
Markets and Missionaries
The Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door Policy
War and Empire
"A Splendid Little War"
The Debate over American Imperialism
Conclusion: Rallying around the Flag
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 21: Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House, 1890–1916
Opening Vignette: Jane Addams founds Hull House
Grassroots Progressivism
Civilizing the City
Progressives and the Working Class
Progressivism: Theory and Practice
Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering
Progressive Government: City and State
Progressivism Finds a President: Theodore Roosevelt
The Square Deal
Roosevelt the Reformer
Roosevelt and Conservation
Roosevelt the Diplomat
The Promise of Technology: Flash Photography and the Birth of Photojournalism
Progressivism Stalled
The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft
Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and Progressivism at High Tide
Wilson's Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts
Wilson, Reluctant Progressive
The Limits of Progressive Reform
Radical Alternatives
Progressivism for White Men Only
Conclusion: The Transformation of the Liberal State
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 22: World War I: The Progressive Crusade at Home and Abroad, 1914–1920
Opening Vignette: General Pershing struggles to protect the autonomy of the American Expeditionary Force
Woodrow Wilson and the World
Taming the Americas
The European Crisis
The Ordeal of American Neutrality
The United States Enters the War
"Over There"
The Call to Arms
The War in France
The Crusade for Democracy at Home
The Progressive Stake in the War
Women, War, and the Battle for Suffrage
Rally around the Flag, or Else
A Compromised Peace
Wilson's Fourteen Points
The Paris Peace Conference
The Fight for the Treaty
Democracy at Risk
Economic Hardship and Labor Upheaval
The Red Scare
The Great Migrations of African Americans and Mexicans
Postwar Politics and the Election of 1920
Beyond America's Borders: Bolshevism
Conclusion: Troubled Crusade
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 23: From New Era to Great Depression, 1920–1932
Opening Vignette: Henry Ford puts America on wheels
The New Era
A Business Government
Promoting Prosperity and Peace Abroad
Automobiles, Mass Production, and Assembly-Line Progress
Consumer Culture
The Promise of Technology: Better Living through Electricity
The Roaring Twenties
Prohibition
The New Woman
The New Negro
Mass Culture
The Lost Generation
Resistance to Change
Rejecting the Undesirables
The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan
The Scopes Trial
Al Smith and the Election of 1928
The Great Crash
Herbert Hoover: The Great Engineer
The Distorted Economy
The Crash of 1929
Hoover and the Limits of Individualism
Life in the Depression
The Human Toll
Denial and Escape
Working-Class Militancy
Conclusion: Dazzle and Despair
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 24: The New Deal Experiment, 1932–1939
Opening Vignette: The Bonus Army marches into Washington, D.C.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Patrician in Government
The Making of a Politician
The Election of 1932
Launching the New Deal
The New Dealers
Banking and Finance Reform
Relief and Conservation Programs
Agricultural Initiatives
Industrial Recovery
Challenges to the New Deal
Resistance to Business Reform
Casualties in the Countryside
Politics on the Fringes
Historical Question: Huey Long: Demagogue or Champion of the Dispossessed?
Toward a Welfare State
Relief for the Unemployed
Empowering Labor
Social Security and Tax Reform
Neglected Americans and the New Deal
The New Deal from Victory to Deadlock
The Election of 1936
Court Packing
Reaction and Recession
The Last of the New Deal Reforms
Conclusion: Achievements and Limitations of the New Deal
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 25: The United States and the Second World War, 1939–1945
Opening Vignette: Colonel Paul Tibbets drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
Peacetime Dilemmas
Roosevelt and Reluctant Isolation
The Good Neighbor Policy
The Price of Noninvolvement
The Onset of War
Nazi Aggression and War in Europe
From Neutrality to the Arsenal of Democracy
Japan Attacks America
Mobilizing for War
Home-Front Security
Building a Citizen Army
Conversion to a War Economy
Fighting Back
Turning the Tide in the Pacific
The Campaign in Europe
The Wartime Home Front
Women and Families, Guns and Butter
The Double V Campaign
Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election
Reaction to the Holocaust
Beyond America's Borders: Nazi Anti-Semitism and the Atomic Bomb
Toward Unconditional Surrender
From Bombing Raids to Berlin
The Defeat of Japan
Atomic Warfare
Conclusion: Allied Victory and America's Emergence as a Superpower
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 26: Cold War Politics in the Truman Years, 1945–1953
Opening Vignette: Secretary of State Dean Acheson, President Truman's "good right hand"
From the Grand Alliance to Containment
The Cold War Begins
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
Building a National Security State
Superpower Rivalry around the Globe
Documenting the American Promise: The Emerging Cold War
Truman and the Fair Deal at Home
Reconversion and the Postwar Economic Boom
Black and Mexican American Protest and the Politics of Civil Rights
The Fair Deal Flounders
The Domestic Chill: McCarthyism
The Cold War Becomes Hot: Korea
Korea and the Military Implementation of Containment
From Containment to Rollback to Containment
Korea, Communism, and the 1952 Election
An Armistice and the War's Costs
Conclusion: The Cold War's Costs and Consequences
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 27: The Politics and Culture of Abundance, 1952–1960
Opening Vignette: Vice President Nixon and Russian premier Khrushchev debate the merits of U.S. and Soviet societies
Eisenhower and the Politics of the "Middle Way"
The President and McCarthy
Modern Republicanism
Termination and Relocation of Native Americans
The 1956 Election and the Second Term
Liberation Rhetoric and the Practice of Containment
The "New Look" in Foreign Policy
Applying Containment to Vietnam
Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East
The Nuclear Arms Race
New Work and Living Patterns in an Economy of Abundance
Technology Transforms Agriculture and Industry
Burgeoning Suburbs and Declining Cities
The Rise of the Sun Belt
The Democratization of Higher Education
The Promise of Technology: Air-Conditioning
The Culture of Abundance
A Consumer Culture
The Revival of Domesticity and Religion
Television Transforms Culture and Politics
Countercurrents
Emergence of a Civil Rights Movement
African Americans Challenge the Supreme Court and the President
Montgomery and Mass Protest
Conclusion: Peace and Prosperity Mask Unmet Challenges
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 28: Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction, 1960–1974
Opening Vignette: Fannie Lou Hamer leads grassroots struggles of African Americans for voting rights and political empowerment
Liberalism at High Tide
The Unrealized Promise of Kennedy's New Frontier
Johnson Fulfills the Kennedy Promise
Policymaking for a Great Society
Assessing the War on Poverty
The Judicial Revolution
The Second Reconstruction
The Flowering of the Black Freedom Struggle
The Response in Washington
Black Nationalism and Urban Rebellions
A Multitude of Movements
Native American Protest
Latino Struggles for Justice
Student Rebellion, the New Left, and the Counterculture
A New Movement to Save the Environment
The New Wave of Feminism
A Multifaceted Movement Emerges
The Many Facets and Achievements of Feminism
Feminist Gains Spark a Countermovement
Beyond America's Borders: Transnational Feminisms
Liberal Reform in the Nixon Administration
Extending the Welfare State and Regulating the Economy
Responding to Demands for Social Justice
Conclusion: Achievements and Limitations of Liberalism
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 29: Vietnam and the Limits of Power, 1961–1975
Opening Vignette: American GIs arrive in Vietnam
New Frontiers in Foreign Policy
Meeting the "Hour of Maximum Danger"
New Approaches to the Third World
The Arms Race and the Nuclear Brink
A Growing War in Vietnam
Lyndon Johnson's War against Communism
An All-Out Commitment in Vietnam
Preventing Another Castro in Latin America
The Americanized War
Historical Question: Why Couldn't the United States Bomb Its Way to Victory in Vietnam?
A Nation Polarized
The Widening War at Home
1968: Year of Upheaval
Nixon, Détente, and the Search for Peace in Vietnam
Moving toward Détente with the Soviet Union and China
Shoring Up Anticommunism in the Third World
Nixon's Search for Peace with Honor in Vietnam
Vietnam Becomes Nixon's War
The Peace Accords and the Legacy of Defeat
Conclusion: An Unwinnable War
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Chapter 30: America Moves to the Right, 1969–1989
Opening Vignette: Phyllis Schlafly promotes conservatism
Nixon and the Rise of Postwar Conservatism
Emergence of a Grassroots Movement
Nixon Courts the Right
Constitutional Crisis and Restoration
The Election of 1972
Watergate
The Ford Presidency
The "Outsider" Presidency of Jimmy Carter
Retreat from Liberalism
Carter Promotes Human Rights
The Cold War Intensifies
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Ascendancy
Appealing to the New Right and Beyond
Unleashing Free Enterprise
Winners and Losers in a Flourishing Economy
Historical Question: Why Did the ERA Fail?
Continuing Struggles over Rights and the Environment
The Conservative Shift in the Federal Courts
Feminism on the Defensive
The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement
Conflicts over Environmental Protections
Ronald Reagan Confronts an "Evil Empire"
Militarization and Interventions Abroad
The Iran-Contra Scandal
A Thaw in Soviet-American Relations
Conclusion: Reversing the Course of Government
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Chapter 31: The End of the Cold War and the Challenges of Globalization: Since 1989
Opening Vignette: Colin Powell adjusts to a post–cold war world
Domestic Stalemate and Global Upheaval: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush
Gridlock in Government
Going to War in Central America and the Persian Gulf
The End of the Cold War
The 1992 Election
The Clinton Administration's Search for the Middle Ground
Clinton's Promise of Change
The Clinton Administration Moves Right
Impeaching the President
The Booming Economy of the 1990s
Beyond America's Borders: Jobs in a Globalizing Era
The United States in a Globalizing World
Defining America's Place in a New World Order
Debates over Globalization
The Internationalization of the United States
President George W. Bush: Conservatism at Home and Radical Initiatives Abroad
The Disputed Election of 2000
The Domestic Policies of a "Compassionate Conservative"
The Globalization of Terrorism
Unilateralism, Preemption, and the Iraq War
Conclusion: Defining the Government's Role at Home and Abroad
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Appendices
I. Documents
II. Facts and Figures: Government, Economy, and Demographics
III. Research Resources in U.S. History
Chapter Bibliographies and additional Online Appendices are available at bedfordstmartins.com/roarkcompact.
Glossary of Historical Vocabulary
Index
Opening Vignette: Archaeological discovery proves that humans inhabited America for more than 10,000 years
Archaeology and History
The First Americans
African and Asian Origins
Paleo-Indian Hunters
Beyond America's Borders: Nature's Immigrants
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Great Plains Bison Hunters
Great Basin Cultures
Pacific Coast Cultures
Eastern Woodland Cultures
Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Southwestern Cultures
Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms
Native Americans in the 1490s
The Mexica: A Meso-American Culture
Conclusion: The World of Ancient Americans
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Chapter 2: Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492–1600
Opening Vignette: Christopher Columbus encounters the Tainos of San Salvador
Europe in the Age of Exploration
Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic
The Explorations of Columbus
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
The Conquest of Mexico
The Search for Other Mexicos
New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico
Documenting the American Promise: Justifying Conquest
The New World and Sixteenth-Century Europe
The Protestant Reformation and the European Order
New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions
Europe and the Spanish Example
Conclusion: The Promise of the New World for Europeans
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Chapter 3: The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
Opening Vignette: Pocahontas "rescues" John Smith
An English Colony on the Chesapeake
The Fragile Jamestown Settlement
Cooperation and Conflict between Natives and Newcomers
From Private Company to Royal Government
A Tobacco Society
Tobacco Agriculture
A Servant Labor System
Cultivating Land and Faith
Beyond America's Borders: American Tobacco and European Consumers
The Evolution of Chesapeake Society
Social and Economic Polarization
Government Policies and Political Conflict
Bacon's Rebellion
Religion and Revolt in the Spanish Borderland
Toward a Slave Labor System
The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery
Carolina: A West Indian Frontier
Slave Labor Emerges in the Chesapeake
Conclusion: The Growth of English Colonies Based on Export Crops and Slave Labor
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Chapter 4: The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
Opening Vignette: Roger Williams is banished from Puritan Massachusetts
Puritan Origins: The English Reformation
Puritans and the Settlement of New England
The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony
The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Documenting the American Promise: King Philip Considers Christianity
The Evolution of New England Society
Church, Covenant, and Conformity
Government by Puritans for Puritanism
The Splintering of Puritanism
Religious Controversies and Economic Changes
The Founding of the Middle Colonies
From New Netherland to New York
New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania
The Colonies and the British Empire
Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade
King Philip's War and the Consolidation of Royal Authority
Conclusion: An English Model of Colonization in North America
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Chapter 5: Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701–1770
Opening Vignette: Young Benjamin Franklin arrives in Philadelphia
A Growing Population and Expanding Economy in British North America
New England: From Puritan Settlers to Yankee Traders
Natural Increase and Land Distribution
Farms, Fish, and Trade
The Middle Colonies: Immigrants, Wheat, and Work
German and Scots-Irish Immigrants
Pennsylvania: "The Best Poor [White] Man's Country"
The Southern Colonies: Land of Slavery
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery
Slave Labor and African American Culture
Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity
Unifying Experiences
Commerce and Consumption
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
Bonds of the British Empire
Defending the Borderlands of Empire: Indians and French and Spanish Outposts
Colonial Politics in the British Empire
Documenting the American Promise: Missionaries Report on California Missions
Conclusion: The Dual Identity of British North American Colonists
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Chapter 6: The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754 – 1775
Opening Vignette: Loyalist governor Thomas Hutchinson stands his ground in radical Massachusetts
The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763
French-British Rivalry in the Ohio Country
The Albany Congress and Intercolonial Defense
The War and Its Consequences
British Leadership, Indians, and the Proclamation of 1763
Historical Question: How Long Did the Seven Years' War Last in Indian Country?
The Sugar and Stamp Acts, 1763–1765
Grenville's Sugar Act
The Stamp Act
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
Liberty and Property
The Townshend Acts and Economic Retaliation, 1767–1770
The Townshend Duties
Nonconsumption and the Daughters of Liberty
Military Occupation and "Massacre" in Boston
The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts, 1770–1774
The Calm before the Storm
Tea in Boston Harbor
The Coercive Acts
The First Continental Congress
Domestic Insurrections, 1774–1775
Lexington and Concord
Rebelling against Slavery
Conclusion: How Far Does Liberty Go?
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Chapter 7: The War for America, 1775–1783
Opening Vignette: Abigail Adams eagerly awaits independence
The Second Continental Congress
Assuming Political and Military Authority
Pursuing Both War and Peace
Thomas Paine and the Case for Independence
The Promise of Technology: Arming the Soldiers: Muskets and Rifles
The First Year of War, 1775–1776
The American Military Forces
The British Strategy
Quebec, New York, and New Jersey
The Home Front
Patriotism at the Local Level
The Loyalists
Who Is a Traitor?
Financial Instability and Corruption
The Campaigns of 1777–1779: The North and West
Burgoyne's Army and the Battle of Saratoga
The War in the West: Indian Country
The French Alliance
The Southern Strategy and the End of the War
Georgia and South Carolina
The Other Southern War: Guerrillas
Surrender at Yorktown
The Losers and the Winners
Conclusion: Why the British Lost
Suggestions for Further Reading
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Chapter 8: Building a Republic, 1775–1789
Opening Vignette: James Madison comes of age in the midst of revolution
The Articles of Confederation
Congress, Confederation, and the Problem of Western Lands
Running the New Government
The Sovereign States
The State Constitutions
Who Are "the People"?
Equality and Slavery
Documenting the American Promise: Blacks Petition for Freedom and Rights
The Critical Period
Financial Chaos and Paper Money
Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory
Shays's Rebellion, 1786–1787
The United States Constitution
From Annapolis to Philadelphia
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
Democracy versus Republicanism
Ratification of the Constitution
The Federalists
The Antifederalists
The Big Holdouts: Virginia and New York
Conclusion: The "Republican Remedy"
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Chapter 9: The New Nation Takes Form, 1789–1800
Opening Vignette: Alexander Hamilton struggles with the national debt
The Search for Stability
Washington Inaugurates the Government
The Bill of Rights
The Republican Wife and Mother
Beyond America's Borders: France, England, and Woman's Rights in the 1790s
Hamilton's Economic Policies
Agriculture, Transportation, and Banking
The Public Debt and Taxes
The First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures
The Whiskey Rebellion
Conflicts West, East, and South
To the West: The Indians
Across the Atlantic: France and England
To the South: The Haitian Revolution
Federalists and Republicans
The Election of 1796
The XYZ Affair
The Alien and Sedition Acts
Conclusion: Parties Nonetheless
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Chapter 10: Republicans in Power, 1800–1824
Opening Vignette: The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attempts to forge a pan-Indian confederacy
Jefferson's Presidency
Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion
The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Simplicity
The Judiciary and the Midnight Judges
The Promise of the West: The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Transatlantic Troubles: Impressment and Embargo
The Madisons in the White House
Women in Washington City
Indian Troubles in the West
The War of 1812
Washington City Burns: The British Offensive
The Promise of Technology: Stoves Transform Cooking
Women's Status in the Early Republic
Women and the Law
Women and Church Governance
Monroe and Adams
The Missouri Compromise
The Monroe Doctrine
The Election of 1824
The Adams Administration
Conclusion: Republican Simplicity Becomes Complex
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Chapter 11: The Expanding Republic, 1815–1840
Opening Vignette: The rise of Andrew Jackson, symbol of a self-confident and expanding nation
The Market Revolution
Improvements in Transportation
Factories, Workingwomen, and Wage Labor
Bankers and Lawyers
Booms and Busts
The Spread of Democracy
Popular Politics and Partisan Identity
The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue
Jackson's Democratic Agenda
Cultural Shifts, Religion, and Reform
The Family and Separate Spheres
The Education and Training of Youth
The Second Great Awakening
The Temperance Movement and the Campaign for Moral Reform
Organizing against Slavery
Beyond America's Borders: Transatlantic Abolition
Jackson Defines the Democratic Party
Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears
The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification
The Bank War and the Panic of 1837
Van Buren's One-Term Presidency
Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the Era of Reform?
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Chapter 12: The New West and Free North, 1840–1860
Opening Vignette: Young Abraham Lincoln and his family struggle to survive in antebellum America
The Westward Movement
Manifest Destiny
Oregon and the Overland Trail
The Mormon Exodus
The Mexican Borderlands
Expansion and the Mexican-American War
The Politics of Expansion
The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848
Victory in Mexico
Golden California
Historical Question: Who Rushed for California Gold?
Economic and Industrial Evolution
Agriculture and Land Policy
Manufacturing and Mechanization
Railroads: Breaking the Bonds of Nature
Free Labor: Promise and Reality
The Free-Labor Ideal: Freedom plus Labor
Economic Inequality
Immigrants and the Free-Labor Ladder
Reforming Self and Society
The Pursuit of Perfection: Transcendentalists and Utopians
Women's Rights Activists
Abolitionists and the American Ideal
Conclusion: Free Labor, Free Men
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Chapter 13: The Slave South, 1820–1860
Opening Vignette: Slave Nat Turner leads a revolt to end slavery
The Growing Distinctiveness of the South
Cotton Kingdom, Slave Empire
The South in Black and White
The Plantation Economy
Masters, Mistresses, and the Big House
Plantation Masters
Plantation Mistresses
Historical Question: How Often Were Slaves Whipped?
Slaves and the Quarter
Work
Family, Religion, and Community
Resistance and Rebellion
Black and Free: On the Middle Ground
Precarious Freedom
Achievement despite Restrictions
The Plain Folk
Plantation Belt Yeomen
Upcountry Yeomen
The Culture of the Plain Folk
The Politics of Slavery
The Democratization of the Political Arena
Planter Power
Conclusion: A Slave Society
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Chapter 14: The House Divided, 1846–1861
Opening Vignette: Abolitionist John Brown takes his war against slavery to Harper's Ferry, Virginia
The Bitter Fruits of War
The Wilmot Proviso and the Expansion of Slavery
The Election of 1848
Debate and Compromise
The Sectional Balance Undone
The Fugitive Slave Act
Uncle Tom's Cabin
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Beyond America's Borders: Filibusters: The Underside of Manifest Destiny
Realignment of the Party System
The Old Parties: Whigs and Democrats
The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans
The Election of 1856
Freedom under Siege
"Bleeding Kansas"
The Dred Scott Decision
Prairie Republican: Abraham Lincoln
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
The Union Collapses
The Aftermath of John Brown's Raid
Republican Victory in 1860
Secession Winter
Conclusion: Slavery, Free Labor, and the Failure of Political Compromise
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Chapter 15: The Crucible of War, 1861–1865
Opening Vignette: Runaway slave William Gould enlists in the U.S. navy
"And the War Came"
Attack on Fort Sumter
The Upper South Chooses Sides
The Combatants
How They Expected to Win
Lincoln and Davis Mobilize
Battling It Out, 1861–1862
Stalemate in the Eastern Theater
Union Victories in the Western Theater
War and Diplomacy in the Atlantic Theater
Union and Freedom
From Slaves to Contraband
From Contraband to Free People
War of Black Liberation
The South at War
Revolution from Above
Hardship Below
The Disintegration of Slavery
The North at War
The Government and the Economy
Women and Work on the Home Front
Politics and Dissent
Grinding Out Victory, 1863–1865
Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Grant Takes Command
The Election of 1864
The Confederacy Collapses
Historical Question: Why Did So Many Soldiers Die?
Conclusion: The Second American Revolution
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Chapter 16: Reconstruction, 1863–1877
Opening Vignette: Northern victory freed the field hand York, but it did not change his former master's mind about the need for slavery
Wartime Reconstruction
"To Bind Up the Nation's Wounds"
Land and Labor
The African American Quest for Autonomy
Documenting the American Promise: The Meaning of Freedom
Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson's Program of Reconciliation
White Southern Resistance and Black Codes
Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights
Congressional Reconstruction
The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence
Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule
Impeaching a President
The Fifteenth Amendment and Women's Demands
The Struggle in the South
Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen
Republican Rule
White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers
Reconstruction Collapses
Grant's Troubled Presidency
Northern Resolve Withers
White Supremacy Triumphs
An Election and a Compromise
Conclusion: "A Revolution But Half Accomplished"
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Chapter 17: Business and Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870–1895
Opening Vignette: Mark Twain and the Gilded Age
Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born
Railroads: America's First Big Business
Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration
John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust
New Inventions: The Telephone and Electricity
Documenting the American Promise: Rockefeller and His Critics
From Competition to Consolidation
J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism
Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth
Laissez-faire and the Supreme Court
Politics and Culture
Political Participation and Party Loyalty
Sectionalism and the New South
Gender, Race, and Politics
Women's Politics: The Origins of the Suffrage and Temperance Movements
Presidential Politics in the Gilded Age
Corruption and Party Strife
Garfield's Assassination and Civil Service Reform
Reform and Scandal: The Campaign of 1884
Economic Issues and Shifting Political Alliances
The Tariff and the Politics of Protection
Railroads, Trusts, and the Federal Government
The Fight for Free Silver
Panic and Depression
Conclusion: Business Dominates an Era
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Chapter 18: The West in the Gilded Age, 1870–1900
Opening Vignette: Native American boarding school students celebrate Indian citizenship
Gold Fever and the Mining West
Mining on the Comstock Lode
Territorial Government
The Promise of Technology: Hydraulic Mining
Land Fever
Moving West: Homesteaders and Speculators
Ranchers and Cowboys
Tenants, Sharecroppers, and Migrants
Commercial Farming and Industrial Cowboys
A Clash of Cultures
The Diverse Peoples of the West
Indian Wars
The Dawes Act and Indian Land Allotment
The Last Acts of Indian Resistance
The West of the Imagination
Conclusion: The West, an Integral Part of Gilded Age America
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Chapter 19: The City and Its Workers, 1870–1900
Opening Vignette: Workers build the Brooklyn Bridge
The Rise of the City
The Urban Explosion, a Global Migration
Racism and the Cry for Immigration Restriction
The Social Geography of the City
At Work in the City
America's Diverse Workers
The Family Economy: Women and Children
Managers and White Collars
"Typewriters" and Salesclerks
Workers Organize
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor
Haymarket and the Specter of Labor Radicalism
At Home and at Play
Domesticity and "Domestics"
Cheap Amusements
City Growth and City Government
Building Cities of Stone and Steel
City Government and the "Bosses"
White City or City of Sin?
Beyond America's Borders: The World's Columbian Exposition and Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs
Conclusion: Who Built the Cities?
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Chapter 20: Dissent, Depression, and War, 1890–1900
Opening Vignette: The people create the Populist Party in 1892
The Farmers' Revolt
The Farmers Alliance
The Populist Movement
Documenting the American Promise: Voices of Protest
The Labor Wars
The Homestead Lockout
The Cripple Creek Miners' Strike
Eugene V. Debs and the Pullman Strike
Women's Activism
Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and the Movement for Woman Suffrage
Depression Politics
Coxey's Army
The People's Party and the Election of 1896
The United States and the World
Markets and Missionaries
The Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door Policy
War and Empire
"A Splendid Little War"
The Debate over American Imperialism
Conclusion: Rallying around the Flag
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Chapter 21: Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House, 1890–1916
Opening Vignette: Jane Addams founds Hull House
Grassroots Progressivism
Civilizing the City
Progressives and the Working Class
Progressivism: Theory and Practice
Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering
Progressive Government: City and State
Progressivism Finds a President: Theodore Roosevelt
The Square Deal
Roosevelt the Reformer
Roosevelt and Conservation
Roosevelt the Diplomat
The Promise of Technology: Flash Photography and the Birth of Photojournalism
Progressivism Stalled
The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft
Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and Progressivism at High Tide
Wilson's Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts
Wilson, Reluctant Progressive
The Limits of Progressive Reform
Radical Alternatives
Progressivism for White Men Only
Conclusion: The Transformation of the Liberal State
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Making Connections
Chapter 22: World War I: The Progressive Crusade at Home and Abroad, 1914–1920
Opening Vignette: General Pershing struggles to protect the autonomy of the American Expeditionary Force
Woodrow Wilson and the World
Taming the Americas
The European Crisis
The Ordeal of American Neutrality
The United States Enters the War
"Over There"
The Call to Arms
The War in France
The Crusade for Democracy at Home
The Progressive Stake in the War
Women, War, and the Battle for Suffrage
Rally around the Flag, or Else
A Compromised Peace
Wilson's Fourteen Points
The Paris Peace Conference
The Fight for the Treaty
Democracy at Risk
Economic Hardship and Labor Upheaval
The Red Scare
The Great Migrations of African Americans and Mexicans
Postwar Politics and the Election of 1920
Beyond America's Borders: Bolshevism
Conclusion: Troubled Crusade
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 23: From New Era to Great Depression, 1920–1932
Opening Vignette: Henry Ford puts America on wheels
The New Era
A Business Government
Promoting Prosperity and Peace Abroad
Automobiles, Mass Production, and Assembly-Line Progress
Consumer Culture
The Promise of Technology: Better Living through Electricity
The Roaring Twenties
Prohibition
The New Woman
The New Negro
Mass Culture
The Lost Generation
Resistance to Change
Rejecting the Undesirables
The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan
The Scopes Trial
Al Smith and the Election of 1928
The Great Crash
Herbert Hoover: The Great Engineer
The Distorted Economy
The Crash of 1929
Hoover and the Limits of Individualism
Life in the Depression
The Human Toll
Denial and Escape
Working-Class Militancy
Conclusion: Dazzle and Despair
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 24: The New Deal Experiment, 1932–1939
Opening Vignette: The Bonus Army marches into Washington, D.C.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Patrician in Government
The Making of a Politician
The Election of 1932
Launching the New Deal
The New Dealers
Banking and Finance Reform
Relief and Conservation Programs
Agricultural Initiatives
Industrial Recovery
Challenges to the New Deal
Resistance to Business Reform
Casualties in the Countryside
Politics on the Fringes
Historical Question: Huey Long: Demagogue or Champion of the Dispossessed?
Toward a Welfare State
Relief for the Unemployed
Empowering Labor
Social Security and Tax Reform
Neglected Americans and the New Deal
The New Deal from Victory to Deadlock
The Election of 1936
Court Packing
Reaction and Recession
The Last of the New Deal Reforms
Conclusion: Achievements and Limitations of the New Deal
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 25: The United States and the Second World War, 1939–1945
Opening Vignette: Colonel Paul Tibbets drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
Peacetime Dilemmas
Roosevelt and Reluctant Isolation
The Good Neighbor Policy
The Price of Noninvolvement
The Onset of War
Nazi Aggression and War in Europe
From Neutrality to the Arsenal of Democracy
Japan Attacks America
Mobilizing for War
Home-Front Security
Building a Citizen Army
Conversion to a War Economy
Fighting Back
Turning the Tide in the Pacific
The Campaign in Europe
The Wartime Home Front
Women and Families, Guns and Butter
The Double V Campaign
Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election
Reaction to the Holocaust
Beyond America's Borders: Nazi Anti-Semitism and the Atomic Bomb
Toward Unconditional Surrender
From Bombing Raids to Berlin
The Defeat of Japan
Atomic Warfare
Conclusion: Allied Victory and America's Emergence as a Superpower
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter ter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 26: Cold War Politics in the Truman Years, 1945–1953
Opening Vignette: Secretary of State Dean Acheson, President Truman's "good right hand"
From the Grand Alliance to Containment
The Cold War Begins
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
Building a National Security State
Superpower Rivalry around the Globe
Documenting the American Promise: The Emerging Cold War
Truman and the Fair Deal at Home
Reconversion and the Postwar Economic Boom
Black and Mexican American Protest and the Politics of Civil Rights
The Fair Deal Flounders
The Domestic Chill: McCarthyism
The Cold War Becomes Hot: Korea
Korea and the Military Implementation of Containment
From Containment to Rollback to Containment
Korea, Communism, and the 1952 Election
An Armistice and the War's Costs
Conclusion: The Cold War's Costs and Consequences
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 27: The Politics and Culture of Abundance, 1952–1960
Opening Vignette: Vice President Nixon and Russian premier Khrushchev debate the merits of U.S. and Soviet societies
Eisenhower and the Politics of the "Middle Way"
The President and McCarthy
Modern Republicanism
Termination and Relocation of Native Americans
The 1956 Election and the Second Term
Liberation Rhetoric and the Practice of Containment
The "New Look" in Foreign Policy
Applying Containment to Vietnam
Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East
The Nuclear Arms Race
New Work and Living Patterns in an Economy of Abundance
Technology Transforms Agriculture and Industry
Burgeoning Suburbs and Declining Cities
The Rise of the Sun Belt
The Democratization of Higher Education
The Promise of Technology: Air-Conditioning
The Culture of Abundance
A Consumer Culture
The Revival of Domesticity and Religion
Television Transforms Culture and Politics
Countercurrents
Emergence of a Civil Rights Movement
African Americans Challenge the Supreme Court and the President
Montgomery and Mass Protest
Conclusion: Peace and Prosperity Mask Unmet Challenges
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 28: Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction, 1960–1974
Opening Vignette: Fannie Lou Hamer leads grassroots struggles of African Americans for voting rights and political empowerment
Liberalism at High Tide
The Unrealized Promise of Kennedy's New Frontier
Johnson Fulfills the Kennedy Promise
Policymaking for a Great Society
Assessing the War on Poverty
The Judicial Revolution
The Second Reconstruction
The Flowering of the Black Freedom Struggle
The Response in Washington
Black Nationalism and Urban Rebellions
A Multitude of Movements
Native American Protest
Latino Struggles for Justice
Student Rebellion, the New Left, and the Counterculture
A New Movement to Save the Environment
The New Wave of Feminism
A Multifaceted Movement Emerges
The Many Facets and Achievements of Feminism
Feminist Gains Spark a Countermovement
Beyond America's Borders: Transnational Feminisms
Liberal Reform in the Nixon Administration
Extending the Welfare State and Regulating the Economy
Responding to Demands for Social Justice
Conclusion: Achievements and Limitations of Liberalism
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 29: Vietnam and the Limits of Power, 1961–1975
Opening Vignette: American GIs arrive in Vietnam
New Frontiers in Foreign Policy
Meeting the "Hour of Maximum Danger"
New Approaches to the Third World
The Arms Race and the Nuclear Brink
A Growing War in Vietnam
Lyndon Johnson's War against Communism
An All-Out Commitment in Vietnam
Preventing Another Castro in Latin America
The Americanized War
Historical Question: Why Couldn't the United States Bomb Its Way to Victory in Vietnam?
A Nation Polarized
The Widening War at Home
1968: Year of Upheaval
Nixon, Détente, and the Search for Peace in Vietnam
Moving toward Détente with the Soviet Union and China
Shoring Up Anticommunism in the Third World
Nixon's Search for Peace with Honor in Vietnam
Vietnam Becomes Nixon's War
The Peace Accords and the Legacy of Defeat
Conclusion: An Unwinnable War
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 30: America Moves to the Right, 1969–1989
Opening Vignette: Phyllis Schlafly promotes conservatism
Nixon and the Rise of Postwar Conservatism
Emergence of a Grassroots Movement
Nixon Courts the Right
Constitutional Crisis and Restoration
The Election of 1972
Watergate
The Ford Presidency
The "Outsider" Presidency of Jimmy Carter
Retreat from Liberalism
Carter Promotes Human Rights
The Cold War Intensifies
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Ascendancy
Appealing to the New Right and Beyond
Unleashing Free Enterprise
Winners and Losers in a Flourishing Economy
Historical Question: Why Did the ERA Fail?
Continuing Struggles over Rights and the Environment
The Conservative Shift in the Federal Courts
Feminism on the Defensive
The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement
Conflicts over Environmental Protections
Ronald Reagan Confronts an "Evil Empire"
Militarization and Interventions Abroad
The Iran-Contra Scandal
A Thaw in Soviet-American Relations
Conclusion: Reversing the Course of Government
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Chapter 31: The End of the Cold War and the Challenges of Globalization: Since 1989
Opening Vignette: Colin Powell adjusts to a post–cold war world
Domestic Stalemate and Global Upheaval: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush
Gridlock in Government
Going to War in Central America and the Persian Gulf
The End of the Cold War
The 1992 Election
The Clinton Administration's Search for the Middle Ground
Clinton's Promise of Change
The Clinton Administration Moves Right
Impeaching the President
The Booming Economy of the 1990s
Beyond America's Borders: Jobs in a Globalizing Era
The United States in a Globalizing World
Defining America's Place in a New World Order
Debates over Globalization
The Internationalization of the United States
President George W. Bush: Conservatism at Home and Radical Initiatives Abroad
The Disputed Election of 2000
The Domestic Policies of a "Compassionate Conservative"
The Globalization of Terrorism
Unilateralism, Preemption, and the Iraq War
Conclusion: Defining the Government's Role at Home and Abroad
Suggestions for Further Reading
Reviewing the Chapter
Timeline
Key Terms
Review Questions
Making Connections
Appendices
I. Documents
II. Facts and Figures: Government, Economy, and Demographics
III. Research Resources in U.S. History
Chapter Bibliographies and additional Online Appendices are available at bedfordstmartins.com/roarkcompact.
Glossary of Historical Vocabulary
Index
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