Battery Management Systems

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2002-11-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $199.99

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Summary

Battery Management Systems - Design by Modelling describes the design of Battery Management Systems (BMS) with the aid of simulation methods. The basic tasks of BMS are to ensure optimum use of the energy stored in the battery (pack) that powers a portable device and to prevent damage inflicted on the battery (pack). This becomes increasingly important due to the larger power consumption associated with added features to portable devices on the one hand and the demand for longer run times on the other hand. In addition to explaining the general principles of BMS tasks such as charging algorithms and State-of-Charge (SoC) indication methods, the book also covers real-life examples of BMS functionality of practical portable devices such as shavers and cellular phones. Simulations offer the advantage over measurements that less time is needed to gain knowledge of a battery's behaviour in interaction with other parts in a portable device under a wide variety of conditions. This knowledge can be used to improve the design of a BMS, even before a prototype of the portable device has been built. The battery is the central part of a BMS and good simulation models that can be used to improve the BMS design were previously unavailable. Therefore, a large part of the book is devoted to the construction of simulation models for rechargeable batteries. With the aid of several illustrations it is shown that design improvements can indeed be realized with the presented battery models. Examples include an improved charging algorithm that was elaborated in simulations and verified in practice and a new SoC indication system that was developed showing promising results. The contents of Battery Management Systems - Design by Modelling is based on years of research performed at the Philips Research Laboratories. The combination of basic and detailed descriptions of battery behaviour both in chemical and electrical terms makes this book truly multidisciplinary. It can therefore be read both by people with an (electro)chemical and an electrical engineering background.

Table of Contents

List of abbreviationsp. xiii
List of symbolsp. xv
Series prefacep. xxi
Prefacep. xxiii
Introductionp. 1
The energy chainp. 1
Definition of a Battery Management Systemp. 3
Motivation of the research described in this bookp. 4
Scope of this bookp. 5
Referencesp. 6
Battery Management Systemsp. 9
A general Battery Management Systemp. 9
Battery Management System partsp. 10
The Power Module (PM)p. 10
The batteryp. 14
The DC/DC converterp. 18
The loadp. 19
The communication channelp. 19
Examples of Battery Management Systemsp. 22
Introductionp. 22
Comparison of BMS in a low-end and high-end shaverp. 22
Comparison of BMS in two types of cellular phonesp. 25
Referencesp. 29
Basic information on batteriesp. 31
Historical overviewp. 31
Battery systemsp. 33
Definitionsp. 33
Battery designp. 35
Battery characteristicsp. 36
General operational mechanism of batteriesp. 43
Introductionp. 43
Basic thermodynamicsp. 44
Kinetic and diffusion overpotentialsp. 45
Double-layer capacitancep. 50
Battery voltagep. 52
Referencesp. 52
Battery modellingp. 55
General approach to modelling batteriesp. 55
Chemical and electrochemical potentialp. 58
Modelling chemical and electrochemical reactionsp. 59
Modelling mass transportp. 67
Modelling thermal behaviourp. 82
A simulation model of a rechargeable NiCd batteryp. 86
Introductionp. 86
The nickel reactionp. 89
The cadmium reactionsp. 92
The oxygen reactionsp. 97
Temperature dependence of the reactionsp. 102
The modelp. 103
A simulation model of a rechargeable Li-ion batteryp. 107
Introductionp. 107
The LiCoO2 electrode reactionp. 108
The LiC6 electrode reactionp. 113
The electrolyte solutionp. 117
Temperature dependence of the reactionsp. 118
The modelp. 118
Parameterization of the NiCd battery modelp. 124
Introductionp. 124
Mathematical parameter optimizationp. 126
Results and discussionp. 131
Quality of the parameter set presented in section 4.4.3 under different charging conditionsp. 138
Results obtained with a modified NiCd battery model and discussionp. 144
Simulation examplesp. 149
Simulations using the NiCd model presented in section 4.2p. 149
Simulations using the Li-ion model presented in section 4.3p. 155
Conclusionsp. 162
Referencesp. 165
Battery charging algorithmsp. 169
Charging algorithms for NiCd and NiMH batteriesp. 169
Charging modes, end-of-charge triggers and charger featuresp. 169
Differences between charging algorithms for NiCd and NiMH batteriesp. 175
Simulation example: an alternative charging algorithm for NiCd batteriesp. 177
Charging algorithm for Li-ion batteriesp. 184
The basic principlep. 184
The influence of charge voltage on the charging processp. 186
The influence of charge current on the charging processp. 187
Simulation example: fast charging of a Li-ion batteryp. 188
Conclusionsp. 191
Referencesp. 192
Battery State-of-Charge indicationp. 193
Possible State-of-Charge indication methodsp. 193
Definitionsp. 193
Direct measurementsp. 195
Book-keeping systemsp. 199
Adaptive systemsp. 202
Some remarks on accuracy and reliabilityp. 203
Experimental tests using the bq2050p. 204
Operation of the bq2050p. 204
Set-up of the experimentsp. 206
Results and discussionp. 208
Conclusions of the experimentsp. 211
Direct measurements for Li-ion batteries: the EMF methodp. 212
Introductionp. 212
EMF measurement methodsp. 212
Measured and simulated EMF curves for the CGR17500 Li-ion batteryp. 214
Conclusionsp. 219
A simple mathematical model for overpotential descriptionp. 219
Proposed set-up for State-of-Charge systemp. 225
The algorithmp. 225
Comparison with the bq2050 systemp. 229
Comparison with systems found in the literaturep. 230
Experimental tests with the system proposed in section 6.5p. 231
Introductionp. 231
Set-up of the experimentsp. 231
Experimental resultsp. 232
Discussion of the resultsp. 235
Conclusions of the experimentsp. 237
Conclusionsp. 238
Referencesp. 239
Optimum supply strategies for Power Amplifiers in cellular phonesp. 241
Trends in cellular systemsp. 241
The efficiency control conceptp. 245
Basic information on Power Amplifiersp. 246
Optimum supply voltage for optimum efficiencyp. 250
DC/DC conversion principlesp. 251
Linear voltage regulatorsp. 252
Capacitive voltage convertersp. 253
Inductive voltage convertersp. 255
EMI problems involved in capacitive and inductive voltage convertersp. 258
Inductive voltage conversion for efficiency controlp. 258
Simulation model derivationp. 258
DC/DC down-converterp. 258
Power Amplifierp. 260
Theoretical benefits of efficiency controlp. 261
Simulation set-upp. 262
Results and discussionp. 263
Conclusionsp. 265
Experimental results obtained with a CDMA PAp. 266
Measurement set-upp. 266
Measurement results and discussion of part 1: no DC/DC converterp. 267
Measurement results and discussion of part 2: with DC/DC converterp. 269
Estimation of talk time increase in a complete CDMA cellular phonep. 271
Application of efficiency control in a GSM cellular phonep. 274
GSM power control protocolp. 274
Modifications in the Spark GSM phonep. 276
Measurement results and discussionp. 279
Conclusions of the experimentsp. 281
Conclusionsp. 281
Referencesp. 282
General conclusionsp. 285
About the authorsp. 289
Indexp. 291
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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