
Battery Management Systems
by Bergveld, H. J.; Kruijt, W. S.; Notten, P. H. L.Rent Textbook
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Summary
Table of Contents
List of abbreviations | p. xiii |
List of symbols | p. xv |
Series preface | p. xxi |
Preface | p. xxiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The energy chain | p. 1 |
Definition of a Battery Management System | p. 3 |
Motivation of the research described in this book | p. 4 |
Scope of this book | p. 5 |
References | p. 6 |
Battery Management Systems | p. 9 |
A general Battery Management System | p. 9 |
Battery Management System parts | p. 10 |
The Power Module (PM) | p. 10 |
The battery | p. 14 |
The DC/DC converter | p. 18 |
The load | p. 19 |
The communication channel | p. 19 |
Examples of Battery Management Systems | p. 22 |
Introduction | p. 22 |
Comparison of BMS in a low-end and high-end shaver | p. 22 |
Comparison of BMS in two types of cellular phones | p. 25 |
References | p. 29 |
Basic information on batteries | p. 31 |
Historical overview | p. 31 |
Battery systems | p. 33 |
Definitions | p. 33 |
Battery design | p. 35 |
Battery characteristics | p. 36 |
General operational mechanism of batteries | p. 43 |
Introduction | p. 43 |
Basic thermodynamics | p. 44 |
Kinetic and diffusion overpotentials | p. 45 |
Double-layer capacitance | p. 50 |
Battery voltage | p. 52 |
References | p. 52 |
Battery modelling | p. 55 |
General approach to modelling batteries | p. 55 |
Chemical and electrochemical potential | p. 58 |
Modelling chemical and electrochemical reactions | p. 59 |
Modelling mass transport | p. 67 |
Modelling thermal behaviour | p. 82 |
A simulation model of a rechargeable NiCd battery | p. 86 |
Introduction | p. 86 |
The nickel reaction | p. 89 |
The cadmium reactions | p. 92 |
The oxygen reactions | p. 97 |
Temperature dependence of the reactions | p. 102 |
The model | p. 103 |
A simulation model of a rechargeable Li-ion battery | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
The LiCoO2 electrode reaction | p. 108 |
The LiC6 electrode reaction | p. 113 |
The electrolyte solution | p. 117 |
Temperature dependence of the reactions | p. 118 |
The model | p. 118 |
Parameterization of the NiCd battery model | p. 124 |
Introduction | p. 124 |
Mathematical parameter optimization | p. 126 |
Results and discussion | p. 131 |
Quality of the parameter set presented in section 4.4.3 under different charging conditions | p. 138 |
Results obtained with a modified NiCd battery model and discussion | p. 144 |
Simulation examples | p. 149 |
Simulations using the NiCd model presented in section 4.2 | p. 149 |
Simulations using the Li-ion model presented in section 4.3 | p. 155 |
Conclusions | p. 162 |
References | p. 165 |
Battery charging algorithms | p. 169 |
Charging algorithms for NiCd and NiMH batteries | p. 169 |
Charging modes, end-of-charge triggers and charger features | p. 169 |
Differences between charging algorithms for NiCd and NiMH batteries | p. 175 |
Simulation example: an alternative charging algorithm for NiCd batteries | p. 177 |
Charging algorithm for Li-ion batteries | p. 184 |
The basic principle | p. 184 |
The influence of charge voltage on the charging process | p. 186 |
The influence of charge current on the charging process | p. 187 |
Simulation example: fast charging of a Li-ion battery | p. 188 |
Conclusions | p. 191 |
References | p. 192 |
Battery State-of-Charge indication | p. 193 |
Possible State-of-Charge indication methods | p. 193 |
Definitions | p. 193 |
Direct measurements | p. 195 |
Book-keeping systems | p. 199 |
Adaptive systems | p. 202 |
Some remarks on accuracy and reliability | p. 203 |
Experimental tests using the bq2050 | p. 204 |
Operation of the bq2050 | p. 204 |
Set-up of the experiments | p. 206 |
Results and discussion | p. 208 |
Conclusions of the experiments | p. 211 |
Direct measurements for Li-ion batteries: the EMF method | p. 212 |
Introduction | p. 212 |
EMF measurement methods | p. 212 |
Measured and simulated EMF curves for the CGR17500 Li-ion battery | p. 214 |
Conclusions | p. 219 |
A simple mathematical model for overpotential description | p. 219 |
Proposed set-up for State-of-Charge system | p. 225 |
The algorithm | p. 225 |
Comparison with the bq2050 system | p. 229 |
Comparison with systems found in the literature | p. 230 |
Experimental tests with the system proposed in section 6.5 | p. 231 |
Introduction | p. 231 |
Set-up of the experiments | p. 231 |
Experimental results | p. 232 |
Discussion of the results | p. 235 |
Conclusions of the experiments | p. 237 |
Conclusions | p. 238 |
References | p. 239 |
Optimum supply strategies for Power Amplifiers in cellular phones | p. 241 |
Trends in cellular systems | p. 241 |
The efficiency control concept | p. 245 |
Basic information on Power Amplifiers | p. 246 |
Optimum supply voltage for optimum efficiency | p. 250 |
DC/DC conversion principles | p. 251 |
Linear voltage regulators | p. 252 |
Capacitive voltage converters | p. 253 |
Inductive voltage converters | p. 255 |
EMI problems involved in capacitive and inductive voltage converters | p. 258 |
Inductive voltage conversion for efficiency control | p. 258 |
Simulation model derivation | p. 258 |
DC/DC down-converter | p. 258 |
Power Amplifier | p. 260 |
Theoretical benefits of efficiency control | p. 261 |
Simulation set-up | p. 262 |
Results and discussion | p. 263 |
Conclusions | p. 265 |
Experimental results obtained with a CDMA PA | p. 266 |
Measurement set-up | p. 266 |
Measurement results and discussion of part 1: no DC/DC converter | p. 267 |
Measurement results and discussion of part 2: with DC/DC converter | p. 269 |
Estimation of talk time increase in a complete CDMA cellular phone | p. 271 |
Application of efficiency control in a GSM cellular phone | p. 274 |
GSM power control protocol | p. 274 |
Modifications in the Spark GSM phone | p. 276 |
Measurement results and discussion | p. 279 |
Conclusions of the experiments | p. 281 |
Conclusions | p. 281 |
References | p. 282 |
General conclusions | p. 285 |
About the authors | p. 289 |
Index | p. 291 |
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