PREFACE |
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v | |
ABOUT THE EDITORS |
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xiii | |
PRONUNCIATION KEY |
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xxiii | |
INTRODUCTION: The Twentieth Century |
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1 | (1409) |
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2 | (28) |
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JOSEPH CONRAD [b. Poland, 1857-1924] |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (62) |
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[IMAGE: Portrait of Conrad, 31; TIME AND PLACE Twentieth-Century America: Apocalypse Now, 32; MAP: Congo Free State, 1890, 36] |
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IN THE WORLD: Colonialism: Europe and Africa |
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97 | (7) |
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IMAGE: L'Africa Èil Continente di Domani |
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98 | (2) |
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MAP: The Colonization of Africa, 1880-1939 |
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100 | (1) |
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MAP: The Decolonization of Africa, 1951-2000 |
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101 | (3) |
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RUDYARD KIPLING [b. India,1865-1936] |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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[IMAGE: The Rhodes Colossus, 105] |
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CHINUA ACHEBE [b. Nigeria, 1930] |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (11) |
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GEORGE WASHINGTON WILLIAMS [b. United States, 1849-1891] |
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118 | (1) |
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FROM An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II |
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118 | (6) |
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[IMAGE: French and German Administrators Agreeing on New Franco-German Boundary Lines in Lobaye Marshes, Congo, 119] |
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MARK TWAIN (SAMUEL CLEMENS) [b. United States, 1835-1910] |
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124 | (1) |
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FROM King Leopold's Soliloquy |
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125 | (3) |
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[IMAGE: Two Youths from the Congo, 126] |
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FRANTZ FANON [b. Martinique, 1925-1961] |
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128 | (1) |
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FROM The Wretched of the Earth (Translated by Constance Farrington) |
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129 | (6) |
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129 | (6) |
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AIMÉ CÉSAIRE [b. Martinique, 1913] |
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135 | (2) |
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A Tempest (Translated by Richard Miller) |
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137 | (5) |
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[IMAGE: Native Soldiers Surrendering to French Commander Nogues after Three Months of Rebellion, Ivory Coast, 136] |
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137 | (5) |
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CHINWEIZU [b. Nigeria, 1943] |
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142 | (1) |
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Decolonising the African Mind |
|
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143 | (5) |
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[IMAGE: Young Black Woman in European Dress, 142] |
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143 | (5) |
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FELIX MNTHALI [b. Malawi, 1933] |
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148 | (1) |
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The Stranglehold of English Lit. |
|
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148 | (1) |
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NGUGI WA THIONG'O [b. Kenya, 1938] |
|
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149 | (1) |
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FROM Creating Space for a Hundred Flowers to Bloom |
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150 | (8) |
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BLACK ELK [b. United States, 1863-1950] |
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158 | (8) |
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The Gift of the Sacred Pipe (Recorded and edited by Joseph Epes Brown) |
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166 | (4) |
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The Conclusion of Black Elk's Vision (Recorded and edited by John Neihardt) |
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170 | (3) |
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FROM The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee (1889-91) |
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173 | (6) |
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179 | (2) |
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[IMAGES: Black Elk and Elk in London, 159; Black Elk in Manderson, South Dakota, 160] |
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WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS [b. Ireland, 1865-1939) |
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181 | (7) |
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The Lake Isle of Innisfree |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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The Circus Animals' Desertion |
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199 | (2) |
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[IMAGES: William Butler Yeats, 181; The Abbey Theatre, Dublin, 184; TIME AND PLACE. Twentieth-Century Ireland: Irish Independence, 185] |
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LUIGI PIRANDELLO [b. Italy, 1867-1936] |
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201 | (4) |
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Six Characters in Search of an Author (Translated by Eric Bentley) |
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205 | (40) |
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[IMAGE: Portrait of Luigi Pirandello, 201] |
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RAINER MARIA RILKE [b. Prague, 1875-1926) |
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245 | (7) |
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Autumn Day (Translated by C.F. MacIntyre) |
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252 | (1) |
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The Panther (Translated by Stephen Mitchell) |
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253 | (1) |
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Archaic Torso of Apollo (Translated by Stephen Mitchell) |
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253 | (1) |
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Leda (Translated by C.F. MacIntyre) |
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254 | (1) |
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The Buddha in the Glory (Translated by C.F. MacIntyre) |
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254 | (1) |
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Duino Elegies (Translated by Stephen Mitchell) |
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255 | (3) |
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255 | (3) |
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Sonnets to Orpheus (Translated by Stephen Mitchell) |
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258 | (3) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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THOMAS MANN [b. Germany, 1875-1955] |
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261 | (5) |
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Death in Venice (Translated by David Luke) |
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266 | (54) |
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[IMAGE: Portrait of Thomas Mann, 261] |
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ROKEYA SAKHAWAT HOSSAIN [b. India, 1880-1932] |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (8) |
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LU XUN [b. China, 1881-1936] |
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331 | (4) |
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The True Story of Ah Q (Translated by Xianyi Yang and Gladys Yang) |
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335 | (31) |
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[IMAGE: Portrait of Lu Xun, 332] |
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JAMES JOYCE [b. Ireland, 1882-1941] |
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366 | (6) |
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372 | (30) |
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[IMAGES: Portrait of James Joyce, 366; Liffey Tram, Dublin, 368] |
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VIRGINIA WOOLF [b. England, 1882-1941] |
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402 | (6) |
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408 | (10) |
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Chapter 3 [Shakespeare's Sister] |
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408 | (10) |
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418 | (3) |
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The Fascination of the Pool |
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421 | (2) |
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[IMAGE: Virginia Woolf, 402] |
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FRANZ KAFKA [b. Prague, 1883-1924] |
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423 | (5) |
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The Metamorphosis (Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir) |
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428 | (32) |
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[IMAGE: Franz Kafka, 423; TIME AND PLACE Twentieth-Century Europe: Sigmund Freud, 425] |
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TANIZAKI JUNICHIRO [b. Japan, 1886-1965] |
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460 | (4) |
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Aguri (Translated by Howard Hibbert) |
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464 | (9) |
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T.S. ELIOT [b. United States, 1888-1965] |
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473 | (9) |
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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock |
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482 | (4) |
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486 | (16) |
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IN THE TRADITION: The Literature of War, Conflict, and Resistance |
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502 | (10) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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IMAGE: Scene during the Siege of Teruel, Spain |
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505 | (1) |
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IMAGE: British Soldiers with Gas Masks |
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506 | (1) |
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IMAGE: Portrait of an Unknown Prisoner |
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507 | (1) |
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IMAGE: Holocaust Survivors at Buchenwald |
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508 | (1) |
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IMAGE: American Troops Wading across River, Ben Khe, South Vietnam |
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509 | (1) |
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IMAGE: Israeli Soldiers by the Dome of the Rock |
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510 | (2) |
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GEORG TRAKL [b. Austria, 1887-1914] |
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512 | (1) |
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Eastern Front (Translated by Christopher Middleton) |
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512 | (1) |
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Grodek (Translated by Michael Hamburger) |
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513 | (1) |
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WILFRED OWEN [b. England,1893-1918] |
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514 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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515 | (2) |
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ISAAC ROSENBERG [b. England, 1890-1918] |
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517 | (1) |
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Returning, We Hear the Larks |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (2) |
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ERICH MARIA REMARQUE [b. Germany, 1898-1970] |
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520 | (1) |
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FROM All Quiet on the Western Front (Translated by Arthur Wheen) |
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520 | (5) |
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BERTOLT BRECHT [b. Germany, 1898-1956] |
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525 | (1) |
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When Evil-Doing Comes like Falling Rain (Translated by John Willett) |
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525 | (1) |
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NELLIE SACHS [b. Germany, 1891-1970] |
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526 | (1) |
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O the Chimneys (Translated by Michael Roloff) |
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526 | (1) |
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PAUL CELAN [b. Romania, 1920-1970] |
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527 | (1) |
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Death Fugue (Translated by John Felstiner) |
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527 | (2) |
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TAMURA RYUICHI [b. Japan, 1923-1998] |
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529 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (2) |
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(Translated by Samuel Grolmes and Tsumura Yumiko) |
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WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA [b. Poland, 1923] |
|
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532 | (1) |
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The Terrorist, He Watches (Translated by Robert A. Maguire and Magnus Jan Krynski) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
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ANDREI VOZNESENSKY [b. Russia, 1933] |
|
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534 | (1) |
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I Am Goya (Translated by Stanley Kunitz) |
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534 | (1) |
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TIM O'BRIEN [b. United States, 1946] |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (4) |
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FADWA TUQAN [b. Palestine, 1917] |
|
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539 | (1) |
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Enough for Me (Translated by Olive Kenny) |
|
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539 | (1) |
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Song of Becoming (Translated by Naomi Shihab Nye) |
|
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540 | (1) |
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YEHUDA AMICHAI [b. Germany, 1924-2000] |
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541 | (1) |
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Sort of an Apocalypse (Translated by Chana Bloch and Stephen Mitchell) |
|
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541 | (1) |
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God Has Pity on Kindergarten Children (Translated by Assia Gutmann) |
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542 | (1) |
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MAHMOUD DARWISH [b. Palestine, 1941] |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (1) |
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(Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies) |
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|
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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549 | (3) |
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(Translated by Bonnie S. McDougall) |
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ANNA AKHMATOVA [b. Russia, 1889-1966] |
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552 | (6) |
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558 | (2) |
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560 | (8) |
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(Translated by Judith Hemschemeyer) |
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|
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[IMAGE: Portrait of Anna Akhmatova 553] |
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FEDERICO GARCÍA LORCA [b. Spain, 1898-1936] |
|
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568 | (5) |
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573 | (2) |
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575 | (4) |
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Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejías |
|
|
579 | (7) |
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(Translated by Stephen Spender and J.L. Gili) |
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|
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TAWFIQ AL-HAKIM [b. Egypt, 1898-1987] |
|
|
586 | (4) |
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The Fate of a Cockroach (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies) |
|
|
590 | (58) |
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JORGE LUIS BORGES [b. Argentina, 1899-1986] |
|
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648 | (4) |
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The Garden of Forking Paths (Translated by Donald A. Yates) |
|
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652 | (7) |
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[IMAGE: Jorge Luis Borges, 648] |
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KAWABATA YASUNARI [b. Japan, 1899-1972] |
|
|
659 | (5) |
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The Moon on the Water (Translated by George Saito) |
|
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664 | (5) |
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Snow (Translated by Lane Dunlop and J. Martin Holman) |
|
|
669 | (3) |
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[IMAGE: Kawabata Yasunari, 659] |
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PABLO NERUDA [b. Chile, 1904-1973] |
|
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672 | (5) |
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Ode with a Lament (Translated by H.R. Hays) |
|
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677 | (1) |
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Sexual Water (Translated by H.R. Hays) |
|
|
678 | (2) |
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Alberto Rojas Jimenez Comes Flying (Translated by H.R. Hays) |
|
|
680 | (3) |
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Ode of the Sun to the People's Army (Translated by H.R. Hays) |
|
|
683 | (2) |
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Hymn and Return (Translated by Robert Bly) |
|
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685 | (1) |
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The United Fruit Co. (Translated by Robert Bly) |
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|
686 | (2) |
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The Heights of Macchu Picchu (Translated by Jack Schmitt) |
|
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688 | (1) |
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688 | (1) |
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Ode to Salt (Translated by Robert Bly) |
|
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689 | (2) |
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Poet's Obligation (Translated by Alastair Reid) |
|
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691 | (1) |
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JEAN-PAUL SARTRE [b. France, 1905-1980] |
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692 | (5) |
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The Flies (Translated by Stuart Gilbert) |
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|
697 | (49) |
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[IMAGE: Jean-Paul Sartre with Simone de Beauvoir, 693] |
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IN THE WORLD: Existentialism |
|
|
746 | (6) |
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747 | (2) |
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|
749 | (3) |
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JEAN-PAUL SARTRE [b. France, 1905-1980] |
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752 | (1) |
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FROM Existentialism Is a Humanism (Translated by Walter Kaufmann) |
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752 | (4) |
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ALBERT CAMUS [b. Algeria, 1913-1960] |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
The Myth of Sisyphus (Translated by Justin O'Brien) |
|
|
757 | (3) |
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[IMAGE: Je Vous Écoute, 756] |
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FRANTZ FANON [b. Martinique, 1925-1961] |
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760 | (1) |
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Black Skin, White Masks (Translated by Charles Lam Markmann) |
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761 | (1) |
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FROM By Way of Conclusion |
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761 | (4) |
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OE KENZABURO [b. Japan, 1935] |
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765 | (1) |
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Hiroshima Notes (Translated by David L. Swain and Toshi Yonezawa) |
|
|
766 | (4) |
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[IMAGE: Oe Kenzaburo, 765] |
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|
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FROM The Moralists of Hiroshima |
|
|
766 | (4) |
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SAMUEL BECKETT [b. Ireland, 1906-1989] |
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770 | (4) |
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774 | (7) |
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[IMAGE: Samuel Beckett, 770] |
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R.K. NARAYAN [b. India, 1906-2001] |
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781 | (4) |
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785 | (12) |
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[IMAGE: R.K. Narayon, 781; TIME AND PLACE: Twentieth-Century India: Caste and Gender in an Indian Village, 783] |
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NAGUIB MAHFOUZ [b. Egypt, 1911] |
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797 | (6) |
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Zaabalawi (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies) |
|
|
803 | (9) |
|
[IMAGES: Naguib Mahfouz, 797, Cairo, 799; MAP: The Middle East, 2000, 800] |
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ALBERT CAMUS [b. Algeria, 1913-1960] |
|
|
812 | (4) |
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The Guest (Translated by Justin O'Brien) |
|
|
816 | (10) |
|
[IMAGE: Albert Camus, 812] |
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JAMES BALDWIN [b. United States, 1924-1987] |
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|
826 | (4) |
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830 | (23) |
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[IMAGE: James Baldwin, 826] |
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IN THE WORLD: Imagining Africa |
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853 | (7) |
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854 | (6) |
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W.E.B. DU BOIS [b. United States, 1868-1963] |
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860 | (1) |
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|
861 | (12) |
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[IMAGE: W.E.B. Du Bois, 860] |
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|
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FROM Chapter 1: Of Our Spiritual Strivings |
|
|
861 | (4) |
|
Chapter 14: The Sorrow Songs |
|
|
865 | (8) |
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JAMES WELDON JOHNSON [b. United States, 1871-1938] |
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873 | (1) |
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O Black and Unknown Bards |
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|
873 | (2) |
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CLAUDE MCKAY [b. Jamaica, 1889-1948] |
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875 | (1) |
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875 | (1) |
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876 | (1) |
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876 | (1) |
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[IMAGE: Claude McKay, 875] |
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LANGSTON HUGHES [b. United States, 1902-1967] |
|
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877 | (1) |
|
The Negro Speaks of Rivers |
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878 | (1) |
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878 | (1) |
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879 | (1) |
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COUNTEE GULLEN [b. United States, 1903-1946] |
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880 | (1) |
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|
880 | (3) |
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|
883 | (1) |
|
LÉOPOLD SÉDAR SENGHOR [b. Senegal, 1906-2001] |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Négritude (Translated by John Reed and Clive Wake) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
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|
885 | (1) |
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|
886 | (1) |
|
(Translated by Melvin Dixon) |
|
|
|
AIMÉ CÉSAIRE [b. Martinique, 1913] |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
FROM Notebook of a Return to the Native Land (Translated by Clayton Eshleman and Annette Smith) |
|
|
888 | (5) |
|
OKOT P'BITEK [b. Uganda, 1931-1982] |
|
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893 | (1) |
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894 | (3) |
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My Husband's Tongue Is Bitter |
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|
894 | (3) |
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897 | (2) |
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|
897 | (2) |
|
JAMES BALDWIN [b. United States, 1924-1987] |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
FROM Nobody Knows My Name |
|
|
900 | (2) |
|
[IMAGE: Children in the Silent Protest Parade, |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
[Is There a Single Black Culture?] |
|
|
900 | (2) |
|
GWENDOLYN BROOKS [b. United States, 1917-2000] |
|
|
902 | (1) |
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|
902 | (1) |
|
TONI MORRISON [b. United States, 1931] |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
|
904 | (3) |
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|
904 | (3) |
|
CHINWEIZU [b. Nigeria, 1943], ONWUCHEKWA JEMIE, AND IHECHUKWU MADUBUIKE |
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
The African Writer and the African Past |
|
|
908 | (2) |
|
NADINE GORDIMER [b. South Africa, 1923] |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
911 | (3) |
|
ABÉ KOBO [b. Japan, 1924-1993] |
|
|
914 | (4) |
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|
918 | (2) |
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|
920 | (4) |
|
(Translated by Lane Dunlop) |
|
|
|
GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ [b. Colombia, 1928] |
|
|
924 | (4) |
|
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings (Translated by Gregory Rabassa) |
|
|
928 | (5) |
|
[IMAGE: Gabriel García Márquez, 924] |
|
|
|
CARLOS FUENTES [b. Panama, 1928] |
|
|
933 | (5) |
|
The Prisoner of Las Lomas (Translated by Thomas Christensen) |
|
|
938 | (29) |
|
[IMAGE: Carlos Fuentes, 933; TIME AND PLACE: Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Mexican Revolution, 935] |
|
|
|
TAKENISHI HIROKO [b. Japan, 1929] |
|
|
967 | (4) |
|
The Rite (Translated by Eileen Kato) |
|
|
971 | (19) |
|
[MAP: Nuclear Bombs Dropped on Japan, August 1945, 968; TIME AND PLACE: Twentieth-Century Japan: Hiroshima, 969] |
|
|
|
ADRIENNE RICH [b. United States, 1929] |
|
|
990 | (4) |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus |
|
|
995 | (1) |
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|
996 | (3) |
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|
999 | (2) |
|
I: Wherever in this city, screens flicker |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
III: Since we're not young, weeks have to do time |
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|
999 | (1) |
|
IV: I come home from you through the early light of spring |
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|
1000 | (1) |
|
VI: Your small hands, precisely equal to my own- |
|
|
1000 | (1) |
|
[IMAGE: Adrienne Rich, 991] |
|
|
|
MILAN KUNDERA [b. Czechoslovakia, 1929] |
|
|
1001 | (4) |
|
The Hitchhiking Game (Translated by Suzanne Rappaport) |
|
|
1005 | (12) |
|
CHINUA ACHEBE [b. Nigeria, 1930] |
|
|
1017 | (6) |
|
|
1023 | (90) |
|
[IMAGE: Chinua Achebe, 1018] |
|
|
|
DEREK WALCOTT [b. St. Lucia, 1930] |
|
|
1113 | (3) |
|
|
1116 | (4) |
|
|
1120 | (1) |
|
|
1121 | (4) |
|
|
1125 | (2) |
|
[IMAGE: Derek Walcott, 1113] |
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ALIFA RIFART [b. Egypt, 1930] |
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1127 | (3) |
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My World of the Unknown (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies) |
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1130 | (11) |
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WOLE SOYINKA [b. Nigeria, 1934] |
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1141 | (5) |
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1146 | (47) |
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[IMAGE: Wole Soyinka, 1141] |
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ANITA DESAI [b. India, 1937] |
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1193 | (3) |
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1196 | (9) |
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BESSIE HEAD [b. South Africa, 1937-1986] |
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1205 | (3) |
|
The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration |
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|
1208 | (5) |
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1213 | (4) |
|
GAO XINGJIAN [b. China, 1940] |
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1217 | (5) |
|
Dialogue and Rebuttal (Translated by Gilbert C.E. Fong) |
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1222 | (33) |
|
[IMAGE: Gao Xingiian, 1218] |
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SALMAN RUSHDIE [b. India, 1947] |
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1255 | (6) |
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1261 | (17) |
|
[IMAGES: Salman Rushdie, 1255; "We Are Ready to Kill Rushdy," 1258; Map: The Partition of India, 1947, 1256] |
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IN THE WORLD: Crossing Cultures: The Example of India |
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1278 | (6) |
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IMAGE: Sikh Taxi Drivers, New York |
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1279 | (5) |
|
MOHANDAS K. GANDHI [b. India, 1869-1948] |
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1284 | (1) |
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1285 | (4) |
|
[IMAGE: Gandhi in London, 1285] |
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1285 | (4) |
|
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. [b. United States, 1929-1968] |
|
|
1289 | (1) |
|
FROM My Trip to the Land of Gandhi |
|
|
1290 | (2) |
|
[IMAGE: Equal Rights Now, 1289] |
|
|
|
OCTAVIO PAZ [b.Mexico, 1914-1998] |
|
|
1292 | (1) |
|
Three Visits to India (Translated by Eliot Weinberger) |
|
|
1292 | (8) |
|
[IMAGE: Octavio Paz, 1292] |
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|
RAJA RAO [b. India, 1909] |
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1300 | (1) |
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|
1301 | (1) |
|
R.K. NARAYAN [b. India, 1906-2001] |
|
|
1302 | (1) |
|
|
1302 | (5) |
|
SALMAN RUSHDIE [b. India, 1947] |
|
|
1307 | (1) |
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1308 | (5) |
|
V.S. NAIPAUL [b. Trinidad, 1932] |
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|
1313 | (1) |
|
Our Universal Civilization |
|
|
1313 | (3) |
|
[IMAGE: V.S. Naipaul, 1313] |
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|
|
BHARATI MUKHERJEE [b. India, 1940] |
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|
1316 | (1) |
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1316 | (11) |
|
LESLIE MARMON SILKO [b. United States, 1948] |
|
|
1327 | (6) |
|
|
1333 | (7) |
|
[IMAGE: Laguna Reservation, 1327] |
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|
|
IN THE TRADITION: American Borderlands: Voices from the United State's Many Cultures |
|
|
1340 | (5) |
|
IMAGE: We Gave Two Horses for Our Son |
|
|
1341 | (2) |
|
|
1343 | (1) |
|
IMAGE: Flea Market, New York City |
|
|
1344 | (1) |
|
MARTÍN ESPADA [b. United States, 1957] |
|
|
1345 | (1) |
|
|
1346 | (1) |
|
From an Island You Cannot Name |
|
|
1347 | (1) |
|
Revolutionary Spanish Lesson |
|
|
1348 | (1) |
|
SHERMAN ALEXIE [b. United States, 1966] |
|
|
1349 | (1) |
|
|
1350 | (13) |
|
[IMAGE: Still from Smoke Signals, 1349] |
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|
|
JOY HARJO [b. United States, 1951] |
|
|
1363 | (1) |
|
|
1364 | (1) |
|
|
1364 | (3) |
|
|
1367 | (1) |
|
|
1368 | (2) |
|
SANDRA CISNEROS [b. United States, 1954] |
|
|
1370 | (1) |
|
|
1370 | (10) |
|
JIMMY SANTIAGO BACA [b. United States, 1952] |
|
|
1380 | (1) |
|
What We Don't Tell the Children |
|
|
1381 | (2) |
|
|
1383 | (1) |
|
Work We Hate and Dreams We Love |
|
|
1384 | (1) |
|
Meditations on the South Valley |
|
|
1385 | (1) |
|
|
1385 | (1) |
|
[IMAGE: Where Tears Can't stop, 1381] |
|
|
|
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE [b. United States, 1952] |
|
|
1386 | (1) |
|
|
1386 | (1) |
|
My Father and the Figtree |
|
|
1387 | (1) |
|
|
1388 | (1) |
|
GISH JEN [b. United States, 1956] |
|
|
1389 | (1) |
|
|
1389 | (9) |
|
[IMAGE: Grandmother Carries Baby to Market Chinese-Style, 1390] |
|
|
|
EDWIDGE DANTICAT [b. Haiti, 1969] |
|
|
1398 | (1) |
|
|
1398 | (12) |
GLOSSARY OF LITERARY AND CRITICAL TERMS |
|
1410 | (33) |
INDEX |
|
1443 | |