Calamari and Perillo on Contracts,9780314264855

Calamari and Perillo on Contracts

by ;
Edition: 5th
ISBN13: 9780314264855
ISBN10: 031426485X
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-08-01
Publisher(s): West Group
List Price: $80.25

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Summary

For more than 30 years, lawyers have told the authors of this readable and thorough hornbook, ?You got me through my contracts course? and ?When I have a contracts problem, I go to your book first because it makes complicated issues clear.? Well-organized and clearly presented, Hornbook on Contracts summarizes the basic principles and issues of contracts and provides broad coverage of statutes, regulations, and uniform laws. The expert authors provide detailed treatment and in-depth analysis of all major contract topics, which include offer and acceptance, parol evidence and interpretation, consideration, informal contracts, promissory estoppel, contracts under seal, capacity of parties, conditions, performance, and breach. The hornbook also discusses damages, regulations, third-party beneficiaries, statutes, frauds, the discharge of contracts, and illegal bargains.

Table of Contents

PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION iii
WESTLAW OVERVIEW v
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 What Is a Contract?
1(2)
1.2 Contracts Distinguished From Executed Agreements
3(1)
1.3 Freedom of Contract
4(2)
1.4 The Philosophical Foundations of Contract Law
6(7)
(a) The Sovereignty of the Human Will and (b) the Sanctity of Promise
7(1)
(c) Private Autonomy
8(1)
(d) Reliance
9(1)
(e) Economic Analysis and Critical Legal Studies
9(1)
(f) Synthesis
10(3)
1.5 Scope, Relevance and Adequacy of Contract Law
13(2)
1.6 Sources of Contract Law
15(2)
1.7 The UCC, the United Nations Convention, and UNIDROIT Principles
17(3)
1.8 Classification of Contracts
20(6)
(a) Formal and Informal Contracts
20(1)
(b) Void, Voidable and Unenforceable Contracts
21(1)
(c) Express and Implied Contracts-Quasi Contracts
21(5)
CHAPTER 2. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE
A. INTENT TO CONTRACT
2.1 Mutual Assent
26(1)
2.2 Objective and Subjective Assent and Intent
26(2)
2.3 Must the Parties Be Serious?
28(1)
2.4 Must the Parties Intend to Be Bound?
29(2)
B. OFFER
2.5 What Is an Offer?-Its Legal Effect
31(2)
2.6 Offers Distinguished From Statements That Are Not Offers
33(3)
(a) Introduction
33(1)
(b) Expressions of Opinion and Predictions
33(2)
(c) Statements of Intention, Hopes and Desires and Estimates
35(1)
2.6 Offers Distinguished From Statements That Are Not Offers-Continued
(d) Inquiry or Invitation to Make an Offer
36(1)
(e) Advertisements, Catalogs and Circular Letters.
37(2)
(f) Auction Sales-Who Makes the Offer?
39(3)
(g) Invitation to Bid-Bid
42(1)
(h) Price Quotations-Goods and Real Property
43(5)
(1) Goods
43(2)
(2) Real Property
45(3)
(i) Offer vs. Preliminary Negotiations-Factors to Consider
C. OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO MUTUAL ASSENT
2.7 Questions of Law and Fact
48(1)
2.8 Intent to Memorialize & Effect of Duplicate Originals
48(3)
2.9 Indefiniteness
51(14)
(a) The Common Law
52(11)
(1) Indefinite Purported Agreement on a Material
(2) Where the Parties Are Silent as to a Material Term
54(3)
(3) Duration Problems
57(4)
(4) Where the Parties Agree to Agree or Agree to Negotiate
61(2)
(b) The Uniform Commercial Code
63(2)
2.10 Unilateral, Bilateral and Reverse Unilateral Contracts and Some of Their Implications
65(7)
(a) The Classical Approach
65(2)
(b) The UCC
67(3)
(1) Subsection (1)(a)
68(1)
(2) Subsection (1)(b)
69(1)
(3) Subsection (2)
69(1)
(c) Restatement (Second)
70(2)
D. ACCEPTANCE
2.11 Must the Offeree Know of the Offer?
72(2)
2.12 Warranties in a Box; Shrinkwrap; Clickwrap
74(1)
2.13 Must the Offeree Intend to Accept? When?
75(2)
2.14 Who May Accept the Offer?
77(1)
2.15 Must the Offeree Give Notice of Acceptance of an Offer to a Unilateral Contract?
78(1)
2.16 Acceptance of an Offer Looking to a Series of Contracts
79(2)
2.17 The Necessity of Communicating Acceptance of an Offer to a Bilateral Contract
81(1)
2.18 Acceptance by Silence-Implied-in-Fact Contracts
82(6)
2.19 Acceptance by Conduct or an Act of Dominion
88(1)
2.20 Termination of the Power of Acceptance
89(3)
(a) Lapse of Time
89(2)
(b) Effect of a Late Acceptance
91(1)
2.20 Termination of the Power of Acceptance-Continued
(c) Death or Lack of Capacity of the Offer or Offeree
92(2)
(d) Revocation
94(2)
(e) Refection-Counter-Offer
96(2)
(f) Supervening Death, Destruction, or Illegality
98(1)
2.21 Acceptance Varying From Offer
98(9)
(a) The Common Law Rule
98(1)
(b) UCC § 2-207
99(8)
2.22 Effect of Part Performance on an Offer to a Unilateral Contract
107(2)
2.23 Time of Acceptance of an Offer to a Bilateral Contract
109(5)
(a) Parties at a Distance
109(4)
(b) Parties in the Presence of One Another
113(1)
2.24 Mistake in Transmission by an Intermediary
114(1)
2.25 Option Contracts-Irrevocable Offers
115(4)
(a) What Makes an Offer Irrevocable
115(2)
(b) Nature of an Option Contract
117(1)
(c) Termination of Irrevocable Offers
117(2)
(1) Introduction
117(1)
(2) Lapse of Time
117(1)
(3) Death or Destruction etc. and Supervening Legal Prohibition
118(1)
(4) Revocation and Rejection
118(1)
(5) Supervening Death or Incapacity of the Offeror
118(1)
(d) When Acceptance of an Irrevocable Offer Is Effective
119(1)
2.26 Common Law and CISG-Some Comparisons
119(3)
CHAPTER 3. PAROL EVIDENCE AND INTERPRETATION
A. INTRODUCTION
3.1 The Difficulty of the Subject Matter
122(2)
B. THE PAROL EVIDENCE RULE
3.2 Introduction
124(6)
(a) Prior, Contemporaneous, and Subsequent Agreements
125(1)
(b) Policy and Analytical Rationales
126(2)
(c) The Role of the Judge and Jury
128(1)
(d) Is the Rule One of Substantive Law or Procedure?
129(1)
3.3 Is the Writing Integrated?
130(1)
3.4 Is the Writing a Total Integration?
131(9)
(a) The "Four Corners" Rule
132(1)
(b) The "Collateral Contract" Concept
132(1)
(c) Williston's Rules
133(2)
(d) Corbin's Approach
135(1)
(e) The UCC Rule
136(2)
(1) Clause (b)
136(1)
(2) Clause (a)
137(1)
(f) CISG
138(1)
(g) The Restatement (Second)
138(1)
(h) Is the Intention of the Parties the Test?
139(1)
3.5 Is the Offered Term Consistent or Contradictory?
140(2)
3.6 Merger Clauses
142(1)
3.7 Rule Inapplicable Until It Is Decided That There Is a Contract.
143(5)
(a) Writing Was Not Intended to Be Operative
143(1)
(b) Contract Subject to an Express Condition
144(1)
(c) Fraud
145(1)
(d) Mistake
146(1)
(e) Illegality and Unconscionability
147(1)
(f) Consideration
147(1)
(g) The Rule of Non-formation of Contract Under the UCC
148(1)
3.8 Application of the Rule to Third Persons
148(1)
C. INTERPRETATION
3.9 Introduction
149(2)
3.10 The Plain Meaning Rule and Ambiguity
151(2)
3.11 Williston's Rules
153(3)
(a) Interpreting Integrations
153(1)
(b) Interpreting Non-Integrations
154(2)
3.12 Corbin's Approach-Restatement (Second)-UCC-Reasonable Expectations
156(2)
3.13 Aids to Interpretation; Rules of Preference
158(4)
3.14 Deciding Omitted Terms
162(2)
3.15 Questions of Fact or Questions of Law?
164(1)
3.16 Parol Evidence Rule and Interpretation
164(2)
3.17 Course of Dealing, Course of Performance and Usage
166(6)
CHAPTER 4. CONSIDERATION
4.1 Introduction
172(2)
4.2 What Is Consideration?
174(3)
(a) The Promisee Must Incur Legal Detriment
175(1)
(b) Detriment Must Induce the Promise
176(1)
(c) The Promise Must Induce the Detriment
176(1)
4.3 Motive and Past Events Distinguished
177(1)
4.4 Adequacy of Consideration
178(3)
4.5 Conditions to Gift Distinguished
181(2)
4.6 Of Sham and Nominal Consideration
183(2)
4.7 Mixture of Gift and Bargain
185(1)
4.8 Surrender of an Invalid Claim as Detriment
186(2)
4.9 The Pre-existing Duty Rule
188(7)
(a) Introduction
188(1)
(b) Pre-existing Duty Rule: Duties Imposed by Law
189(1)
(c) Pre-existing Duty Rule: Contract Duties
190(3)
(d) Pre-existing Duty Rule: Three Party Cases
193(2)
4.10 Part Payment Cannot Satisfy a Debt
195(3)
4.11 Consideration for an Accord and Satisfaction
198(6)
(a) Introduction
198(1)
(b) Discussion
198(1)
(c) Cases
199(5)
4.12 Problems Arising in Bilateral Contracts
204(14)
(a) Consideration in Bilateral Contracts
204(1)
(b) Mutuality of Obligation
205(13)
(1) Introduction
205(1)
(2) Unilateral Contracts and Mutuality
206(1)
(3) Voidable and Unenforceable Promises and Mutuality
206(1)
(4) Illusory Promises
207(1)
(5) Consideration Supplied by Implied Promises
208(5)
(6) Are Conditional and Aleatory Promises Illusory?
213(2)
(7) A Void Contract Is Not Necessarily a Nullity
215(3)
4.13 Requirements and Output Contracts
218(5)
(a) Introduction
218(1)
(b) Validity of Requirements Contracts
219(1)
(c) How Much Is a Requirements Buyer Entitled to Demand?
220(1)
(d) Diminution or Termination of Requirements
220(2)
(e) Non-exclusive Requirements Contracts
222(1)
4.14 Must All of the Considerations Be Valid?
223(1)
4.15 One Consideration Will Support Many Promises
224(1)
4.16 Afterthoughts on Consideration
224(4)
CHAPTER 5. INFO CONTRACTS WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OR INJURIOUS RELIANCE
A. PAST CONSIDERATION AND MORAL OBLIGATION
5.1 Introduction
228(1)
5.2 Past Consideration and Moral Obligation
229(1)
5.3 Promises to Pay Pre-existing Debts
230(1)
5.4 Promises to Pay for Benefits Received
230(5)
5.5 Promises to Pay Discharged Debts
235(1)
5.6 Promises to Pay Debts Discharged in Bankruptcy
236(1)
5.7 Effect of New Promise on Statute of Limitations
236(3)
5.8 Promises to Perform Voidable Duties
239(1)
5.9 Effect of New Promise on the Statute of Frauds
239(1)
5.10 Other Promises Supported by Moral Obligation
240(1)
5.11 To Whom the Promise Must Be Made
241(1)
B. CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND WRITTEN CONTRACTS
5.12 Scope of the Discussion
241(1)
5.13 The Model Written Obligations Act
242(1)
5.14 Modification of Contracts
242(5)
(a) Consideration Not Required
242(3)
(b) No-Oral-Modification Clauses; Statute of Frauds
245(2)
5.15 Modifications Under Compulsion
247(101)
5.16 Release and Accord and Satisfaction
348
5.17 Firm Offers
249(1)
5.18 Moral Obligation and Guaranties of Pre-existing Debts
249(2)
C. STIPULATIONS
5.19 Defined
251(1)
5.20 Stipulation Consideration and Formality in Stipulations
251(2)
CHAPTER 6. PROMISSORY ECONSIDERATION STOPPEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CONSIDERATION AND MUCH ELSE
6.1 Introduction
253(4)
6.2 The Roots of Promissory Estoppel
257(7)
(a) Promises in the Family
258(1)
(b) Promise to Make a Gift of Land
258(1)
(c) Gratuitous and Bailments
259(2)
(d) Charitable Subscriptions and Marriage Settlements
261(2)
(e) Other Roots of the Doctrine
263(1)
6.3 The Modern Evolution of Promissory Estoppel
264(7)
(a) Agencies As a Consideration Substitute
284
(b) Reliance on Offers
265(2)
(c) Promissory Estoppel Under an Indefinite Agreement
267(1)
(d) Promises Made During Preliminary Negotiations
268(1)
(e) Agreements Disclaiming Legal Consequences
269(2)
6.4 Flexibility of Remedy
271(3)
CHAPTER 7. CONTRACTS UNDER SEAL
7.1 Introduction
274(2)
7.2 Sufficiency of the Writing or Other Record
276(2)
7.3 What Constitutes a Seal?
278
7.4 The Adoption of a Seal Already on the Instrument
277(1)
7.5 Delivery of a Sealed Instrument
278(1)
7.6 Effect of Acceptance by the Promisee
278(1)
7.7 Delivery in Escrow-Conditional Delivery
279(1)
7.8 Some Effects of the Seal
280(1)
7.9 Statutory Changes Affecting the Seal
281(4)
CHAPTER 8. CAPACITY OF PARTIES
8.1 Introduction
285(30)
A. INFANTS
8.2 Introduction
286(2)
8.3 Transactions That the Infant Cannot Avoid
288(2)
8.4 Avoidance and Ratification
290(3)
(a) Failure to Make a Timely Disaffirmance
291(1)
(b) Express Ratification
292(1)
(c) Ratification by Conduct
293(1)
8.5 Effect Upon Ratification of Ignorance of Law or Fact
293(1)
8.6 Obligations of Restitution Upon Disaffirmance
294(2)
(a) Infant as Defendant
294(1)
(b) Infant as Plaintiff
295(1)
8.7 Torts Connected With Contracts
296(2)
(a) Infants' Torts Stemming From Contracts
296(1)
(b) False Representations by the Infant
297(1)
(c) Torts and Agency Relationships
298(1)
8.8 Liability of an Infant for Necessaries
298(3)
8.9 Infants' Liability for Benefits in New Hampshire
301(1)
B. THE MENTALLY INFIRM
8.10 Introduction
302(4)
8.11 Requirement of Restitution
306(1)
8.12 Avoidance and Ratification
307(1)
8.13 Liability for Necessaries
307(1)
8.14 Intoxicated Persons
308(1)
8.15 Exploitation of Alcoholics and Weak Minded Persons
309(1)
C. SELF-DEALING
8.16 Contracting With Oneself
310(2)
8.17 Contracting With Oneself and Another
312(3)
CHAPTER 9. AVOIDANCE OR REFORMATION FOR MISCONDUCT OR MISTAKE
A. INTRODUCTION
9.1 Scope of This Chapter and Rationale
315(1)
B. DURESS
9.2 The History and Elements of Duress
315(3)
9.3 Wrongful Acts or Threats-Abuse of Rights
318(2)
9.4 Threats of Imprisonment or Criminal Prosecution
320(2)
9.5 Duress of Property: Assertion of Liens
322(1)
9.6 Coerced Settlements or Contract Modifications
323(4)
9.7 Business Compulsion
327(1)
9.8 Remedies for Duress-Ratification
327(2)
C. UNDUE INFLUENCE
9.9 Background of Undue Influence
329(1)
9.10 Elements of Undue Influence
330(5)
(a) Non-Attorney Cases
330(2)
(b) Attorney-Client Cases
332(3)
9.11 Undue Influence: No Confidential Relationship
335(1)
9.12 Remedies for Undue Influence
335(1)
D. MISREPRESENTATION AND NON-DISCLOSURE
9.13 Elements of Misrepresentation
336(1)
9.14 Scienter and Materiality
337(2)
9.15 Deception and Reliance
339(1)
9.16 Injury
340(2)
9.17 Fact Versus Opinion
342(2)
9.18 Fact Versus Law
344(1)
9.19 Fact Versus Intention and Promise
345(2)
9.20 Non-Disclosure; Implied Warranty
347(6)
9.21 Disclaimers; Merger Clauses; "As Is"
353(1)
9.22 Fraud in the Factum or Fraud in the Inducement
354(1)
9.23 Remedies-Election, Express Warranty, Restitution, Measurement
355(5)
9.24 Adequacy of the Case Law of Fraud
360(1)
E. MISTAKE
9.25 Subject of This Discussion
361(1)
9.26 Mutual Mistake
361(7)
(a) Existence, Ownership, or Identity of the Subject Matter
362(1)
(b) Qualities of the Subject Matter and Conscious Uncertainty
363(3)
(c) Mistake in Acreage-Realty Contracts
366(1)
(d) Releases-Mistake as to Injuries
366(1)
(e) Releases-Sailors and Other Employees
367(1)
(f) Mistaken Predictions
368(1)
9.27 Unilateral Mistake
368(3)
9.28 Mistake of Law
371(1)
9.29 Mistake in Performance
372(1)
9.30 Estoppel, Ratification, Assumption of the Risk
373(1)
F. REFORMATION
9.31 Introduction to Reformation for Mistake
374(2)
9.32 The Prior Agreement
376(1)
9.33 Intentional Omissions and Misstatements
377(1)
9.34 The Variance-Mistake Cases
377(1)
9.35 Reformation for Misrepresentation or Duress
378(1)
9.36 Defenses to Reformation
379(1)
G. UNCONSCIONABILITY
9.37 The UCC Provision on Unconscionability
380(2)
9.38 Historical Background
382(3)
9.39 The Emerging Law of Unconscionability
385(3)
9.40 What Is Unconscionable?
388(4)
H. DUTY TO READ
9.41 Introduction: The Traditional Rule
392(1)
9.42 Traditional Qualifications to the Traditional Rule
393(6)
(a) Document or Provision Not Legible
393(1)
(b) Terms Insufficiently Called to the Attention of a Party
394(1)
(c) Fraud and Mistake
395(3)
(d) Fiduciary Relationship
398(1)
9.43 Contracts of Adhesion-Exculpation and Indemnity Clauses
399(7)
9.44 Duty to Read and Restatement (Second)
406(1)
9.45 Conclusion
407(6)
CHAPTER 10. RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE
CHAPTER 11. CONDITIONS, PERFORMANCE AND BREACH
A. INTRODUCTION
11.1 Relationship of Conditions to Offer and Acceptance
413(1)
11.2 Definition of a Condition
413(1)
11.3 Classification of Conditions
414(1)
11.4 The Time Classification
414(1)
11.5 Conditions Precedent
414(1)
11.6 Concurrent Conditions
415(1)
11.7 Conditions Subsequent
416(3)
11.8 The Other Classification of Conditions
419(1)
11.9 Express Conditions and Promises Compared
419(2)
11.10 Conditions Compared to Time References
421(2)
11.11 Language of Condition May Imply a Promise
423(2)
11.12 A Promise May Create an Implied or Constructive Condition
425
11.13 Constructive Conditions and Implied in Fact Conditions
424(1)
11.14 Constructive Promises-Omitted Terms
425(1)
11.15 Distinguishing Between Express and Constructive Conditions
425(3)
B. CONSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS AND RELATED TOPICS
11.16 Introduction
428(1)
11.17 Order of Performance in a Bilateral Contract
428(2)
11.18 Material Breach and Substantial Performance
430(5)
(a) Material Breach
430(3)
(b) Substantial Performance
433(2)
11.19 Successive Lawsuits-Risk of Splitting a Claim
435(2)
11.20 Sales of Goods-The Perfect Tender Rule
437(7)
(a) Cure
438(1)
(1) When the Time for Performance Has Not Expired
439(1)
(2) When the Time for Performance Has Expired
439(1)
(b) Rejection and Acceptance of Goods
439(3)
(c) Revocation of Acceptance
442(1)
(d) Installment Contracts
443(1)
(e) The Perfect Tender Rule and the Buyer
444(1)
11.21 "Failure of Consideration"
444(1)
11.22 Quasi-Contractual and Statutory Relief
445(2)
11.23 Recovery by a Party in Default: Divisibility
447(2)
11.24 Divisibility: Other Uses of the Concept
449(1)
11.25 Independent Promises
450(2)
11.26 Dependency of Separate Contracts
452(1)
C. EXCUSE OF CONDITION
11.27 Introduction
453(1)
11.28 Prevention, Hindrance, or Failure to Cooperate
453(4)
11.29 Waiver, Estoppel and Election
457(2)
(a) Introduction
457(1)
(b) Estoppel Defined
457(1)
(c) Waiver and Election
458(1)
11.30 Waiver at the Formation of the Contract
459(1)
11.31 Waiver After Formation of the Contract
460(2)
11.32 Waiver After Failure of Condition: Election
462(3)
11.33 Effect of Election on Damages
465(1)
11.34 Giving Incomplete Reasons for Non-Performance
466(1)
11.35 Excuse of Conditions Involving Forfeiture
466(2)
11.36 Other Bases for Excusing Conditions
468(1)
11.37 The Satisfaction Cases
469(5)
(a) Introduction
469(1)
(b) Satisfaction of a Party to the Contract
469(2)
(c) Satisfaction of a Third Party
471(3)
D. GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING
11.38 Good Faith
474(4)
(a) Introduction
474(1)
(b) The Meaning of Good Faith
475(3)
E. ABUSE OF RIGHTS
11.39 Abuse of Rights
478(10)
(a) Malicious Motive
479(1)
(b) Exercise of a Right Is Unreasonable and Without any Legitimate Interest
480(2)
(c) The Right Is Exercised for an Illegitimate Purpose
482(5)
CHAPTER 12. ANTICIPATORY BREACH AND PROSPECTIVE NON-PERFORMANCE
12.1 Introduction
487(1)
12.2 Prospective Inability and Unwillingness
488(7)
(a) The First Restatement and Other Traditional Approaches
488(4)
(b) UCC and the Restatement (Second) Innovations
492(3)
12.3 Anticipatory Repudiation-History and Analysis
495(3)
12.4 what Constitutes a Repudiation?
498(3)
(a) A Positive Statement, etc.
498(2)
(b) Transferring Specific Property.
500(1)
(c) Other Voluntary Acts
500(1)
12.5 Repudiation and Good Faith
501(1)
12.6 Bankruptcy as the Equivalent of Repudiation
501(1)
12.7 Retractions: Anticipatory and Present Repudiations Distinguished
502(1)
12.8 Responses to an Anticipatory Repudiation
503(2)
12.9 An Exception: Unilateral Obligations
505(4)
12.10 Another Exception: Independent Promises
509(3)
CHAPTER 13. IMPRACTICABILITY AND FRUSTRATION
13.1 Impracticability of Performance: Introduction
512(3)
13.2 The UCC and the Restatement (Second)
515(1)
13.3 Destruction or Unavailability of the Subject Matter or Tangible Means of Performance
516(6)
13.4 Failure of the Contemplated Mode of Performance
522(1)
13.5 Supervening Prohibition or Prevention by Law
523(2)
13.6 Failure of the Intangible Means of Performance
525(2)
13.7 Death or Disability
527(1)
13.8 Apprehension of Impracticability or Danger
528(1)
13.9 Impracticability
529(5)
(a) Current Doctrine
529(2)
(b) Foreign and International Trends and Future Development
531(3)
13.10 Impracticability as an Excuse of Condition
534(2)
13.11 Existing Impracticability
536(1)
13.12 Frustration of the Venture
536(4)
13.13 Temporary Impracticability or Frustration
540(1)
13.14 Partial Impracticability
541(1)
13.15 Subjective Impracticability-Contributory Fault
542(1)
13.16 Assumption of the Risk
543(2)
13.17 Technological Impracticability-Unforeseen Possibilities
545(2)
(a) Technological Impracticability
545(2)
(b) Unforeseen Possibilities
547(1)
13.18 Foreseeability
547(2)
13.19 Force Majeure Clauses
549(2)
13.20 Underlying Rationale
551(2)
13.21 Effect of Impracticability On a Prior Repudiation
553(1)
13.22 Impracticability and Frustration Under the UCC
553(2)
13.23 Adjusting the Rights of the Parties
555(2)
13.24 Risk of Casualty Losses
557(3)
CHAPTER 14. DAMAGES
A. INTRODUCTION
14.1 Damages Defined
560(2)
B. NON-COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
14.2 Nominal Damages
562(1)
14.3 Punitive Damages
563(1)
C. COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
14.4 The General Standard
564(4)
(a) Contracts in General
564(3)
(b) Retainers
567(1)
D. FORESEEABILITY
14.5 The Rule of Hadley v. Baxendale
568(4)
(a) Economic Injury
568(3)
(b) Mental Distress and Personal Injury
571(1)
14.6 Application in Carrier and Telegraph Cases
572(1)
14.7 Application of the Rule in Other Cases
573(1)
E. CERTAINTY
14.8 Certainty as a Limitation Upon Damages
574(3)
14.9 Alternative: Reliance and Restitution Interests Protected
577(2)
14.10 Alternative: Value of a Chance or Opportunity
579(2)
14.11 Alternative: Rental Value of Property
581(1)
F. THE CONCEPT OF VALUE
14.12 Market Value as the Usual Standard
581(1)
14.13 Proof of Value
582(1)
14.14 Value a Variable Concept
583(1)
G. AVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCES
14.15 The "Duty" to Mitigate Damages
584(3)
14.16 Non-exclusive Contracts-An Apparent Exception to the Doctrine of Avoidable Consequences
587(1)
14.17 Recovery of Expenses Sustained in Avoiding Consequences of a Breach
588(1)
H. DAMAGES IN PARTICULAR ACTIONS
14.18 Wrongful Discharge of Employee
589(3)
14.19 Wrongful Termination by Employee
592(1)
14.20 Buyer's General Damages for Total Breach
592(3)
14.21 Buyers Damages for Breach of Warranty or Fraud
595(2)
14.22 Buyer's Consequential and Incidental Damages for Seller's Breach
597(2)
14.23 Seller's General Damages
599(2)
14.24 Seller's General Damages Following Resale
601(1)
14.25 Seller's Consequential and Incidental Damages
602(1)
14.26 Seller's Action for the Price
603(1)
14.27 Contracts to Manufacture Special Goods
604(1)
14.28 Construction Contracts: Contractor's Recovery
605(1)
14.29 Construction Contracts: Owner's Recovery
606(3)
14.30 Contracts to Sell Realty: Total Breach
609(2)
(a) Breach by Vendor
609(2)
(b) Breach by Vendee
611(1)
I. AGREED DAMAGES
14.31 Liquidated Damages and Penalties
611(4)
(a) Intention
612(1)
(b) Injury Uncertain or Difficult to Quantify
613(1)
(c) Reasonableness
613(2)
14.32 Two Pitfalls of Draftsmanship
615(1)
14.33 Liquidated Damages and Specific Performance
616(1)
14.34 Alternative and Miscellaneous Promises Distinguished
617(1)
14.35 Additional Agreed Damages: Attorney's Fees
618(1)
J. EFFICIENT BREACH THEORY
14.36 Should "Efficient Breaches" Be Encouraged?
619(2)
CHAPTER 15. RESTITUTION AS A REMEDY FOR BREACH
15.1 Introduction
621(1)
15.2 what Is Meant by Restitution? The Concept of Unjust Enrichment
622(1)
15.3 Restitution as an Alternative Remedy for Breach
623(1)
15.4 Measure of Recovery
624(3)
15.5 Specific Restitution
627(2)
15.6 Restitution at Law Not Available if a Debt Has Been Created: Severability
629(1)
15.7 Recovery of Both Damages and Restitution
630(3)
CHAPTER 16. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AND INJUNCTIONS
A. SUBSTANTIVE BASES FOR EQUITABLE RELIEF
16.1 Inadequacy of the Legal Remedy
633(3)
16.2 Legal Remedy Inadequate-Real Property
636(1)
16.3 Legal Remedy Inadequate-Personal Property
637(2)
16.4 Legal Remedy Inadequate-Insolvency
639(1)
16.5 Service Contracts
640(2)
16.6 Mutuality as a Basis for Equitable Relief
642(1)
B. DEFENSES
16.7 Nature of Equitable Discretionary Relief
643(1)
16.8 Enforceability, and Definiteness of the Contract
644(1)
16.9 Consideration in Equity
645(200)
16.10 Difficulty of Supervision Consideration
845
16.11 Mutuality of Remedy
646(1)
16.12 Plaintiff in Default-Relief From Forfeiture
647(1)
16.13 Impracticability, Effect on Third Persons or the Public
648(1)
16.14 Harshness, Inequitable Conduct and Other Forms of Unconscionability; Balancing
649(2)
16.15 Delay
651(1)
16.16 Unclean Hands
652(1)
16.17 Effect of Denial of Specific Performance or Injunction
653(1)
16.18 Relationship to Damages; Agreed Remedies
654(1)
C. COVENANTS NOT TO COMPETE
16.19 Agreements Not to Compete
654(6)
(a) Covenant by a Seller of a Business Not to Compete
655(1)
(b) Covenant by an Employee Not to Compete
656(4)
16.20 Equitable Discretion and Remedy at Law
660(1)
16.21 Limited Enforcement of Overbroad Restraints
661(1)
16.22 Anti-competition Conditions Distinguished From Covenants
662(1)
CHAPTER 17. THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES
17.1 History and Introduction
663(2)
17.2 The First Restatement
665(1)
17.3 The Test of Intent to Benefit
665(7)
17.4 The Second Restatement
672(2)
17.5 Third Party Beneficiaries and the Statute of Wills
674(1)
17.6 The Mortgage Assumption Cases
674(3)
17.7 Public Contracts
677(3)
17.8 Promises of Indemnity
680(1)
17.9 The Surety Bond Cases
681(3)
17.10 Promisor's Defenses and Counterclaims
684(2)
17.11 Vesting
686(202)
17.12 May a Promisor Raise the Promisee's Defenses?
888
17.13 Rights of the Beneficiary Against the Promisee
689(1)
17.14 Rights of the Promisee Against the Promisor
690(3)
CHAPTER 18. ASSIGNMENT AND DELEGATION
A. INTRODUCTION
18.1 Terminology-Relationship to Prior Chapter
693(1)
18.2 History
694(2)
B. ASSIGNMENTS-GENERAL BACKGROUND
18.3 Nature of an Assignment
696(2)
18.4 Coverage of This Chapter-Impact of UCC
698(1)
18.5 Formalities
699(1)
C. DEVIANTS FROM THE NORM
18.6 Introduction
700(1)
18.7 Gratuitous Assignments
700(2)
18.8 Voidable and Conditional Assignments
702(1)
18.9 Assignments of Future Rights
702(2)
D. NON-ASSIGNABLE RIGHTS
18.10 Introduction
704(1)
18.11 Assignment Materially Changing the Obligor's Duty
705(1)
18.12 Assignment Materially Increasing the Obligor's Burden or Risk
706(1)
18.13 Assignment Materially Impairing the Other Party's Chance of Obtaining Return Performance
706(1)
18.14 Attempted Transfer of a Non-assignable Right
707(1)
18.15 Assignment Prohibited by Statute or Public Policy
707(2)
18.16 Clause Prohibiting or Authorizing an Assignment
709(2)
E. DEFENSES OF THE OBLIGOR
18.17 Defenses of the Obligor Against the Assignee
711(5)
18.18 Defenses of the Assignor Against the Assignee
716(1)
F. COUNTERCLAIMS, SET OFF, AND RECOUPMENT
18.19 Counterclaims Against the Assignee
716(1)
G. OTHER POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS ON THE ASSIGNEE'S RIGHTS
18.20 Latent Equities
717(1)
18.21 Priorities Between Successive Assignees
718(2)
18.22 Assignee Versus an Assignor's Attaching Creditor
720(1)
18.23 Partial Assignments
721(1)
H. RIGHTS OF THE ASSIGNEE AGAINST THE ASSIGNOR
18.24 Warranties of the Assignor
722(1)
I. DELEGATION
18.25 Introduction
723(1)
18.26 Liability of the Delegate
723(1)
18.27 Problems of Interpretation
724(1)
18.28 Non-delegable Duties
725(3)
18.29 Attempted Delegation of a Duty
728(1)
18.30 Effect of Repudiation by Delegating Party
728(1)
18.31 Assignment Coupled with Delegation
729(3)
18.32 Option Contracts: Assignment and Delegation
732(56)
CHAPTER 19. STATUTE OF FRAUDS
I. WHEN A RECORD IS NECESSARY
19.1 The Statute and UETA
788
(a) The Original Writing Requirement
739(2)
(b) Electronic Communication-E-Sign and UETA
741(1)
A. SURETYSHIP CONTRACTS
19.2 Promise by Executor or Administrator
741(1)
19.3 Promises to Answer for the Debt, Default or Miscarriage of Another
742(1)
19.4 Where There Is No Prior Obligation Owing From TP to C
743(5)
(a) TP Must Come Under at Least a Voidable Obligation to C
743(3)
(b) TP and D Must Be in a Principal-Surety Relationship
746(2)
(c) C Must Have Reason to Know of the Relationship
748
(d) The Promise Must Not Be Joint
747(1)
(e) Summary
747(1)
19.5 Where There Is a Prior Obligation Owing From TP to C
748(2)
(a) Novation
748(1)
(b) Where the Promise to Pay Is Made to TP
749
(c) Where the Promise Is Made to C but Is Co-extensive with D's Obligation to C
748(2)
19.6 The Main Purpose (or Leading Object) Rule
750(1)
19.7 Some Illustrations
751(1)
19.8 The Peculiar New York Rule
752(2)
19.9 Promises of Indemnity
754(1)
19.10 The Promise of the Del Credere Agent
755(1)
19.11 The Assignor's Guaranty of Performance
755(1)
19.12 A Promise to Buy or Assume a Claim
756(1)
B. CONTRACTS IN CONSIDERATION OF MARRIAGE
19.13 When the Statute of Frauds Applies
756(1)
C. CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF REALTY
19.14 Contracts for the Sale of Land
757(4)
(a) Introduction
757(1)
(b) A Promise to Pay for an Interest in Real Property
758(1)
(c) Interests in Land
758(1)
(1) In General
758(1)
(2) Liens
759(1)
(3) Fructus Industriales
759(1)
(4) Other Things Attached to the Earth
760(1)
(5) Miscellaneous Excluded Items
760(1)
19.15 Enforceability Because of Part Performance
761(1)
D. CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF GOODS: THE UCC
19.16 Contracts for the Sale of Goods
762(5)
(a) Introduction
762(1)
(b) Price or Value
763(1)
(c) Goods
764(1)
(d) Choses in Action
764(1)
(e) Part Performance
765(1)
(1) Accept and Receive
765(1)
(2) Payment or Earnest
766(1)
(f) Admission in Court
766(1)
(g) Memoranda Confirmations and Estoppel
767(1)
E. CONTRACTS NOT PERFORMABLE WITHIN A YEAR
19.17 Computation of the One Year Period
767(1)
19.18 Possibility of Performance Within One Year
768(2)
19.19 Performance Conditioned on an Uncertain Event
770(1)
19.20 A Promise Terminable on an Uncertain Event
770(1)
19.21 Alternative Performances; Options to Terminate or Extend
771(1)
19.22 Multiple Promises in One Contract
772(1)
19.23 Performance Under the One-Year Section
773(1)
19.24 Unilateral Contracts
773(3)
F. RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE VARIOUS PROVISIONS
19.25 Relationship Among the Various Provisions
776(1)
II. SUFFICIENCY AND EFFECT OF A RECORD
19.26 Introduction
777(1)
19.27 Parol Evidence and the Record
777(1)
19.28 Reformation and the Statute of Frauds
778(1)
19.29 The Contents of the Record
779(1)
19.30 The Form and Timing of the Record-Delivery
780(2)
(a) Writing
780(1)
(b) Recordings, Electronic Messages and Oral Stipulations
781(1)
(c) Admissions
781(1)
(d) Usage, Course of Dealing and Course of Performance
781(1)
19.31 Signed by the Party to Be Charged
782(1)
19.32 The Record in Auction Sales
783(1)
19.33 Record Quilted from Several Records
784(1)
19.34 The Record Under UCC 2-201
785(2)
19.35 Effect of Non-Compliance-Unenforceablity
787(1)
19.36 Effect of Part of a Contract Being Unenforceable
788(1)
19.37 Oral Rescission or Modification
789(1)
19.38 Defensive Use of an Unenforceable Contract
790(1)
19.39 Formal Contracts and Promises to Execute a Record
791(1)
III. RESTITUTIONARY REMEDIES
19.40 Introduction
792(1)
19.41 The Plaintiff Must Not Be in Default
793(1)
19.42 Effect of Restoration of the Status Quo
793(1)
19.43 Restitution Sometimes Denied on Policy Grounds
794(1)
19.44 Measure of Recovery
794(1)
19.45 Contract Price as Evidence of Value
795(1)
19.46 Specific Restitution in Equity
796(2)
IV. ESTOPPEL
19.47 Equitable Estoppel and the Statute of Frauds
798(1)
19.48 Promissory Estoppel
799(4)
CHAPTER 20. JOINT AND SEVERAL CONTRACTS
A. MULTIPLE OBLIGORS
20.1 Multiple Promisors
803(1)
20.2 Promisors Bound Jointly, Severally, or Jointly and Severally
803(1)
20.3 Consequences of Joint Liability
804(5)
(a) Compulsory Joinder of Joint Promisors
805(1)
(b) Discharge of Joint Promisors by a Judgment Against One
805(1)
(c) Only a Joint Judgment Can Be Entered Against Joint Promisors
806(1)
(d) The Rule of Survivorship
807(1)
(e) A Discharge of One Joint Obligor Discharges the Other
807(2)
20.4 Consequences of Joint and Several Liability
809(1)
20.5 Consequences of Several Liability
810(1)
20.6 Relation of Co-obligors to Each Other-Contribution
811(1)
B. MULTIPLE OBLIGEES
20.7 Multiple Promisees
812(2)
20.8 Compulsory Joinder of Joint Obligees
814(1)
20.9 Discharge by One Joint Obligee
814(1)
20.10 Survivorship of Joint Rights
815(1)
20.11 Multiple Offerees or Optionees
815(3)
CHAPTER 21. DISCHARGE OF CONTRACTS
21.1 Introduction
818(24)
I. CONSENSUAL DISCHARGES
A. RESCISSION
21.2 Mutual Rescission
819(3)
B. DESTRUCTION OR SURRENDER
21.3 Cancellation or Surrender
822(1)
C. EXECUTORY ACCORD-ACCORD AND SATISFACTION-SUBSTITUTED AGREEMENT
21.4 Background of these Doctrines
823(2)
21.5 Difference Between an Accord and a Substituted Contract
825(2)
21.6 Distinguishing an Accord From a Substituted Contract
827(1)
21.7 Offer to a Unilateral Accord
827(1)
D. THREE PARTY SITUATIONS
21.8 Assignment, Beneficiary Contract, and Novation
828(2)
E. ACCOUNT STATED
21.9 Account Stated
830(2)
F. RELEASE AND COVENANT NOT TO SUE
21.10 Release
832(1)
21.11 Covenant Not to Sue
833(1)
G. GIFTS AND REJECTION OF TENDER
21.12 Gift, Renunciation, and Rejection of Tender
834(1)
(a) Gift
834(1)
(b) Renunciation
835(1)
(c) Rejection of Tender
836(1)
H. MERGER
21.13 Merger
836(2)
I. UNION OF RIGHT AND DUTY IN THE SAME PERSON
21.14 Debtor's Acquisition of the Correlative Right
838(1)
II. DISCHARGES BY OPERATION OF LAW
J. ALTERATION
21.15 Discharge by Alteration
838(1)
K. BANKRUPTCY
21.16 Bankruptcy
839(1)
L. PERFORMANCE
21.17 Performance of the Duty-To Which Debt Should Payment Be Applied?
840
CHAPTER 22. ILLEGAL BARGAINS
22.1 what Makes a Bargain Illegal?
842(4)
22.2 Recovery on an Illegal Executory Bilateral Contract
846(5)
(a) Ignorance of Facts and Law
846(1)
(b) Bargain Illegal by Virtue of Wrongful Purpose
847(1)
(c) Where the Parties Are Not In Pari Delicto
848(1)
(d) Severance
849(1)
(e) Purposeful Interpretation and Reformation
850(1)
(f) Making the Case Without Showing the Illegality
851(1)
22.3 Effect of Licensing Statutes
851(2)
22.4 Remoteness of the Illegality
853(1)
22.5 Depositaries and Agents
854(1)
22.6 Divisibility of Illegal Bargains
855(1)
22.7 Restitutionary Recovery-Not in Pari Delicto
855(3)
22.8 Restitution-Locus Poenitentiae
858(2)
22.9 Change of Law or Facts After the Bargain Is Made
860(1)
22.10 Illegality in Attorney Contracts
860(3)
APPENDIX 863(18)
TABLE OF CASES 881(140)
TABLE OF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE SECTIONS 1021(8)
INDEX 1029

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