Electrochemical Detection in Hplc,9780854045327

Electrochemical Detection in Hplc

by ; ;
ISBN13: 9780854045327
ISBN10: 0854045325
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-08-01
Publisher(s): Royal Society of Chemistry
List Price: $149.79

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Summary

Electrochemical Detection in HPLC: Analysis of Drugs and Poisons is the first monograph devoted to the application of this mode of analysis to the assay of exogenous compounds such as drugs in biological fluids and associated areas. The introductory chapters provide information on basic electrochemistry and HPLC-ED, and on trouble-shooting. The specialized area of thiol analysis is also discussed in detail. Salient practical details of published applications of the technique in analytical toxicology and related areas are provided in a standard format. Alternative techniques are suggested throughout. The emphasis is on the analysis of exogenous compounds, although catecholamines and other endogenous species are discussed in so far as they may be used as drugs. The practical nature of this book will make it useful to professionals working in the field. It will also be of benefit to analysts wishing to use HPLC-ED in the analysis of biological samples for analytes not specifically covered in the volume.

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations xi
Chapter 1 General Introduction 1(5)
1 Introduction
1(2)
2 HPLC-ED in Analytical Toxicology
3(2)
References
5(1)
Chapter 2 Basic Electrochemistry for the Separation Scientist 6(15)
1 Reversible Electrode Potentials
6(3)
1.1 Redox Electrodes
7(2)
2 Theoretical Background Linking Electrochemistry to Electrochemical Detection
9(2)
3 Reference Electrodes
11(2)
3.1 Standard Hydrogen Electrode
11(1)
3.2 Calomel Electrode
11(1)
3.3 Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode
12(1)
4 Voltammetry
13(3)
4.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
13(2)
4.2 Hydrodynamic Voltammograms
15(1)
5 Electroactivity of Functional Groups and Compounds
16(4)
5.1 Electrochemical Behaviour of Some Specific Molecular Types
18(2)
References
20(1)
Further Reading
20(1)
Chapter 3 The Electrochemical Detector 21(35)
1 Introduction
21(1)
2 Theoretical Background to ED in Flowing Liquid Streams
21(2)
3 The Construction of an Electrochemical Detector
23(7)
3.1 Principles of Electrochemical Measurement
23(1)
3.2 Electrode Materials
24(4)
3.3 Electrode Shielding and Grounding
28(1)
3.4 Flow-Cell Designs
28(1)
3.5 Chromatographic Factors Affecting Flow-Cell Design
29(1)
3.6 Circuitry of an Electrochemical Detector
30(1)
4 Amperometric Detection
30(4)
4.1 Thin-Layer Cells
30(1)
4.2 Wall-Jet Cells
31(1)
4.3 Dropping Mercury Electrodes
32(1)
4.4 Operation of Amperometric Electrodes
33(1)
5 Coulometric Detection
34(7)
5.1 Modes of Operation
37(4)
6 Pulsed Detection
41(2)
7 Multiple Detection Systems
43(3)
7.1 Array Detectors
43(2)
7.2 Rapid Scanning Detectors
45(1)
7.3 Use in Series With Other Detectors
45(1)
8 Micro-Detectors
46(3)
8.1 Detectors for Capillary Systems
47(2)
9 Comparative Performance of EC Detectors
49(1)
References
50(6)
Chapter 4 Development and Troubleshooting of HPLC-ED Methods 56(23)
1 System Optimisation
56(9)
1.1 Hydrodynamic Voltammograms
57(2)
1.2 Eluent Composition
59(3)
1.3 Temperature
62(1)
1.4 Flow-Rate
63(1)
1.5 Electrode Surface
63(1)
1.6 Gradient Elution
64(1)
2 Analyte-Related Variables
65(7)
2.1 Electrochemical Oxidation
66(1)
2.2 Electrochemical Reduction
66(1)
2.3 Common Interferences in Biofluid Analyses
67(1)
2.4 Sample Preparation and Choice of Internal Standard
68(1)
2.5 Derivatisation
69(2)
2.6 Hydrolysis/Photolysis/Enzymic Reactions
71(1)
3 Maintenance of HPLC-ED Systems
72(2)
References
74(5)
Chapter 5 Thiols, Disulfides and Related Compounds 79(25)
1 Introduction
79(3)
1.1 Biologically Important Thiols
79(1)
1.2 Thiol-Containing Drugs
80(2)
1.3 Biochemical Background to Thiol Analysis
82(1)
2 Sample Preparation
82(2)
2.1 Standard Solutions
82(1)
2.2 Blood and Tissues
83(1)
2.3 Urine
83(1)
3 Measurement of Free Thiols using HPLC-ED
84(1)
4 Electrochemistry of Thiols
84(1)
5 Electrochemical Detection of Thiols
85(5)
5.1 Detection at Mercury Electrodes
85(1)
5.2 Detection at Gold Amalgam Electrodes
86(2)
5.3 Detection at Other Solid Electrodes
88(2)
5.4 Formation of Electroactive Derivatives of Thiols
90(1)
6 The Electrochemistry of Disulfides and Related Compounds
90(1)
7 The Electrochemical Detection of Disulfides plus Thiols
90(5)
7.1 Direct Detection of Disulfides
91(1)
7.2 Indirect Detection of Disulfides
92(1)
7.3 In-Series Detection of Disulfides
92(3)
8 Other Electrochemical Methods for Thiols and/or Disulfides
95(1)
9 Analysis of Selenium-Containing Compounds
96(1)
10 Conclusions
96(1)
References
97(7)
Chapter 6 Applications of HPLC-ED in the Analysis of Drugs 104(107)
1 Anaesthetics
104(2)
2 β2-Adrenergic Agonists
106(5)
3 Anticancer Drugs
111(9)
3.1 Alkylating Agents
111(1)
3.2 Antimetabolites
112(1)
3.3 Cytotoxic Antibiotics
113(1)
3.4 Photosensitisers
114(1)
3.5 Podophyllotoxins
115(2)
3.6 Vinca Alkaloids
117(1)
3.7 Miscellaneous Anticancer Drugs
118(2)
4 Anticholinergics
120(1)
5 Anticholinesterases
121(2)
6 Antidepressants
123(4)
7 Antihistamines
127(1)
8 Anti-infectives
128(12)
8.1 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
129(1)
8.2 Anti-Folate Drugs
129(1)
8.3 Antifungals
130(1)
8.4 Antimalarials
131(4)
8.5 Antiviral Drugs
135(1)
8.6 Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
136(1)
8.7 Macrolide Antibiotics
137(2)
8.8 Miscellaneous Antibiotics
139(1)
9 Antimigraine Drugs
140(1)
10 Antiparkinsonian Drugs
141(2)
11 Antipsychotics
143(6)
12 Anxiolytics
149(1)
13 Cannabinoids
150(2)
14 Cardiovascular Drugs
152(11)
14.1 β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists
152(3)
14.2 Calcium Channel Blockers
155(3)
14.3 Sympathomimetics
158(2)
14.4 Other Anti-Hypertensive Agents
160(1)
14.5 Antiarrhythmic Agents
161(1)
14.6 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
162(1)
15 Diuretics
163(2)
16 Non-Opioid Analgesic/Antipyretic/Anti-inflammatory Drugs
165(3)
17 Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
168(5)
18 Miscellaneous Pharmaceuticals
173(6)
References
179(32)
Chapter 7 Applications of HPLC-ED in Toxicology and Related Areas 211(8)
1 Ammatoxins
211(1)
2 Aromatic Amines and Nitro-Compounds
211(1)
3 Algal and Fungal Toxins
212(1)
4 Pesticides and Related Compounds
213(2)
5 Veterinary Drug and Other Food Residues
215(2)
References
217(2)
Appendix Non-Aqueous Ionic Eluent Systems for Basic Drugs 219(6)
References
224(1)
Subject Index 225

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