Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury
by Liu, Guangliang; Cai, Yong; O'Driscoll, NelsonEdition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2012-01-03
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary
Reviewing the major environmental processes of mercury (Hg) transformation and transport during Hg cycling, this book focuses on the recent developments in environmental chemistry of Hg. Each chapter touches on the basic concepts and provides a critical review of the targeted subject, the methodology used for studying it, and future research needs. The book outlines the fundamental concepts and provides a detailed review of critical findings in recent research. It is suitable for anyone interested in environmental sciences.
Author Biography
Guangliang Liu, PhD, is Research Scientist in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, where he manages the Mercury Laboratory. Yong Cai, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University. He has been working on environmental chemistry and the geochemistry of mercury for almost twenty years. Nelson O'Driscoll, PhD, is Canada Research Chair in Environmental Biogeochemistry and Associate Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Acadia University.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Contributors | p. xvii |
| Overview of Mercury in the Environment Guangliang Liu, Yong Cai, Nelson O'Driscoll, Xinbin Feng, and Guibin Jiang | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Toxicity and Health Risks of Mercury Exposure | p. 2 |
| Sources of Mercury | p. 2 |
| Overview of Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling | p. 7 |
| Structure of the Book | p. 8 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 9 |
| References | p. 9 |
| Analytical Developments | p. 13 |
| Advances in Speciation Analysis of Mercury in the Environment Yanbin Li, Yongguang Yin, Guangliang Liu, and Yong Cai | p. 15 |
| Introduction | p. 15 |
| Sample Preparation for Hg Speciation in Environmental Samples | p. 16 |
| Application of GC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis | p. 32 |
| Application of HPLC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis | p. 36 |
| Application of Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques in Hg Speciation Analysis | p. 39 |
| Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Probing Chemical Microenvironment of Hg | p. 40 |
| Application of Stable Isotope Dilution Technique in Mercury Speciation Analysis | p. 41 |
| Summary | p. 43 |
| References | p. 44 |
| Measuring Gas Phase Mercury Emissions from Industrial Effluents Samuel J. Ippolito. Ylias M. Sabri, and Suresh K. Bhargava | p. 59 |
| Introduction | p. 59 |
| Standardized Methods for Measuring Mercury | p. 72 |
| Mercury Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs) | p. 81 |
| Future Outlook | p. 95 |
| References | p. 96 |
| Speciation and Transformation | p. 111 |
| Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury Che-Jen Lin, Pattarapom Singhasuk, and Simo O. Pehkonen | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| The Overall Picture | p. 114 |
| Chemical Transformations in the Gas Phase | p. 118 |
| Chemical Transformations in the Aqueous Phase | p. 131 |
| Redox Chemistry at the Interface Between the Atmosphere and Earth's Surfaces | p. 136 |
| Atmospheric Implications of the Identified Redox Pathways | p. 139 |
| Future Research Needs | p. 143 |
| References | p. 144 |
| Microbial Transformations in the Mercury Cycle Chu-Ching Lin, Nathan Yee, and Tamar Barkay | p. 155 |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| Mercury Methylation | p. 158 |
| Methylmercury Degradation | p. 168 |
| Redox Cycling of Inorganic Hg | p. 169 |
| Conclusions | p. 179 |
| References | p. 180 |
| Photoreactions of Mercury in Aquatic Systems Emma E. Vost, Marc Amyot, and Nelson J. O'Driscoll | p. 193 |
| Significance of Mercury Photoreactions | p. 193 |
| Concepts in Mercury Photoreactions | p. 194 |
| Current Methods in Mercury Photochemistry | p. 209 |
| Summary | p. 211 |
| References | p. 212 |
| Chemical Speciation of Mercury in Soil and Sediment Ulf Skyllberg | p. 219 |
| Introduction | p. 219 |
| Physicochemical Properties, Oxidation States, Chemical Forms, Structures, and Concentrations of Mercury in the Environment | p. 220 |
| Aqueous Phase: Major Ligands and Their Affinities for Mercury(II) | p. 222 |
| Liquid and Solid Phases of Mercury in Soils and Sediments | p. 229 |
| Reactions of Mercury(II) with Soil and Sediment Particle Surfaces | p. 231 |
| Stabilization of Nanoparticulate Mercury(II) Sulfides by Natural Organic Matter | p. 237 |
| Solubility and Chemical Speciation of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments | p. 237 |
| Methods for Studying the Chemistry of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments | p. 248 |
| Future Research Needs | p. 249 |
| References | p. 252 |
| The Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter on Mercury Biogeochemistry Chase A. Gerbig, Joseph N. Ryan, and George R. Aiken | p. 259 |
| Introduction | p. 259 |
| Dissolved Organic Matter | p. 260 |
| Field Observations | p. 263 |
| Effects of DOM on Mercury Distributions Between Solution and Particles | p. 265 |
| Mercury Binding Strength | p. 268 |
| Mercury Binding Environment | p. 271 |
| Methylmercury Binding Strength and Environment | p. 274 |
| DOM and Mercury Mineral Dissolution | p. 276 |
| DOM and Mercury Mineral Precipitation | p. 280 |
| References | p. 284 |
| Tracking Geochemical Transformations and Transport of Mercury through Isotope Fractionation Holger Hintelmann and Wang Zheng | p. 293 |
| Introduction | p. 293 |
| Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes in Environmental Processes | p. 300 |
| Hg Isotope Variations in Nature | p. 315 |
| Summary | p. 319 |
| References | p. 320 |
| Transport and Fate | p. 329 |
| Atmospheric Transport of Mercury Oleg Travnikov | p. 331 |
| Introduction | p. 331 |
| General Concepts of Mercury Cycling in the Atmosphere | p. 331 |
| Methods for Studying Atmospheric Mercury Transport | p. 336 |
| Assessments of Airborne Mercury Pollution | p. 342 |
| Knowledge Gaps | p. 354 |
| References | p. 356 |
| Adsorption of Mercury on Solids in the Aquatic Environment Guangliang Liu, Yanbin Li, and Yong Cai | p. 367 |
| Introduction | p. 367 |
| Adsorption of Mercury on Solids | p. 369 |
| Role of Colloids in Mercury Adsorption | p. 374 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 380 |
| References | p. 381 |
| Exchange of Elemental Mercury between the Oceans and the Atmosphere Asif Qureshi, Matthew Macleod, Elsie Sunderland, and Konrad Hungerbühler | p. 389 |
| Introduction | p. 389 |
| Models of Gas Exchange of Elemental Mercury at the Air-Sea Interface | p. 390 |
| Field Studies of Ocean-To-Air Fluxes of Mercury | p. 398 |
| Rate Constants for Reduction and Oxidation of Mercury Species in Ocean Waters | p. 400 |
| Modeling Studies Estimating Oceanic Air-Sea Exchange | p. 411 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 415 |
| References | p. 416 |
| Exchange of Mercury between the Atmosphere and Terrestrial Ecosystems Mae Sexauer Gustin | p. 423 |
| General Overview | p. 423 |
| Methods and Tools Applied for Measurement and Understanding of Air-Terrestrial Surface Exchange | p. 425 |
| Measured Fluxes | p. 433 |
| Conclusions | p. 442 |
| References | p. 444 |
| Bioaccumulation, Toxicity, and Metallomics | p. 453 |
| Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Mercury through Food Webs Karen Kidd, Meredith Clayden, and Tim Jardine | p. 455 |
| Introduction | p. 455 |
| Mercury in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms | p. 457 |
| Mercury within Organisms | p. 464 |
| Factors Affecting Mercury in Biota | p. 465 |
| Biornagnification of Mercury Through Food Webs | p. 474 |
| Mercury Stable Isotopes in Bioaccumulation Studies | p. 481 |
| Case Study-Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada | p. 482 |
| Conclusions | p. 484 |
| References | p. 485 |
| A Review of Mercury Toxicity with Special Reference to Methylmercury Mineshi Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Murata, Akiyoshi Kakita, and Masanori Sasaki | p. 501 |
| Introduction | p. 501 |
| Global Mercury Emission into the Atmosphere | p. 502 |
| Metabolism and Toxicity of Chemical Forms of Mercury | p. 503 |
| Risk Assessment of Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury | p. 509 |
| Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption for Brain Development | p. 510 |
| Exceptional Methylmercury Exposure Through Rice | p. 510 |
| Summary | p. 511 |
| References | p. 511 |
| Metallomics of Mercury: Role of Thiol-and Selenol-Containing Biomolecules Feiyue Wang, Marcos Lemes, and Mohammad A. K. Khan | p. 517 |
| Introduction | p. 517 |
| Metallomics of Mercury | p. 517 |
| Mercury and Methylmercury Complexes with Thiol-Containing Biomolecules | p. 519 |
| Mercury and Methylmercury Binding to Selenol-Containing Biomolecules | p. 522 |
| Lability of Mercury or Methylmercury Complexes with Thiols or Selenols | p. 524 |
| Thiol-Containing Biomolecules in the Uptake and Metabolism of Mercury | p. 526 |
| Selenium Aided Biomineralization of Mercury and Methylmercury | p. 529 |
| Analytical and Modeling Approaches | p. 531 |
| Conclusion | p. 538 |
| References | p. 538 |
| Human Health Significance of Dietary Exposures to Methylmercury Anna L. Choi and Philippe Grandjean | p. 545 |
| Introduction | p. 545 |
| Methylmercury Exposure | p. 546 |
| Nutrients in Fish and Seafood | p. 548 |
| Major Prospective Cohort Studies | p. 549 |
| Health Effects | p. 552 |
| Cardiovascular Outcomes | p. 555 |
| Nutrient and Methylmercury Exposure as Predictors of - Developmental Outcomes | p. 556 |
| Confounding Variables | p. 557 |
| Risk Assessment and Exposure Imprecision | p. 558 |
| Conclusions | p. 559 |
| References | p. 561 |
| Index | p. 569 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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