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Summary
We all have memories of highly emotional personal and public events that may have happened some years ago but which are felt as strongly as if they happened yesterday. We remember where they happened, the people who were with us, and seemingly irrelevant details such as the weather, particular sounds or specific clothes. Why do we remember these things? Is it because such events are so deeply emotional or so unexpected or because people talk about them so many times? Why are these "flashbulb memories" so vivid and lasting? Flashbulb Memories: New Issues and New Perspectivesexplores these questions in the first book on flashbulb memories (FBMs) for more than a decade. It considers the many developments over the last 10 years, including new models of FBM formation, advances in statistical methods and neuroscience, and two key public events, the death of Princess Diana and the September 11th attacks in the US, which can help test FBM. The book examines the status of FBMs as "special" or "ordinary" memory formations, and the expert contributors represent a balance between those that favour each approach. It also investigates controversial topics of research such as: Are emotional, cognitive, or social factors highly relevant for the formation of FBMs? How can sociological, historical, and cultural issues help us to understand the process of FBMs? What are the differences between FBMs, memories for traumatic experiences, and highly vivid personal memories? How can we provide a valid and reliable measure for FBMs? This book gathers together specialists in the field in order to make significant progress in this area of research which has remained divisive for the past 30 years. It will provide essential reading for researchers in FBM and also be of interest to those in related areas such as social psychology, cognitive psychology, cross-cultural psychology, sociology, political sciences and history as well as clinicians dealing with those who have strong FBMs after personal traumatic events.
Table of Contents
| List of contributors | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Methods, statistics, and modelling issues | p. 3 |
| Consistency and accuracy | p. 4 |
| Individual factors: Clinical and development issues | p. 5 |
| Social factors: Identity, culture, and collective memory | p. 6 |
| References | p. 8 |
| Methods, statistics, and modelling issues | p. 11 |
| Measurement issues in the study of flashbulb memory | p. 13 |
| The measurement of FBM | p. 13 |
| The assessment of latent constructs | p. 16 |
| FBM and autobiographical memory | p. 23 |
| Conclusions | p. 27 |
| Note | p. 27 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Flashbulb memory methods | p. 33 |
| Conceptual and measurement questions about flashbulb memories | p. 34 |
| Types of FBM hypotheses | p. 40 |
| Conclusion | p. 46 |
| Notes | p. 46 |
| References | p. 47 |
| Models for the formation of flashbulb memories | p. 51 |
| Brown and Kulik (1977): The first attempt to model FBM formation | p. 52 |
| Conway et al. (1994): The first SEM model for FBM | p. 55 |
| Finkenauer et al. (1998): A two-path model | p. 57 |
| A specific application of Finkenauer's model to expected events | p. 60 |
| Er (2003): A model for people who experience the event directly | p. 62 |
| Towards a systematic comparison of the four models of FBM formation | p. 64 |
| A model comparison of the 9/11 attacks | p. 65 |
| Comparisons across models | p. 67 |
| Conclusions | p. 72 |
| Notes | p. 73 |
| References | p. 74 |
| Consistency and accuracy | p. 77 |
| Flashbulb memories result from ordinary memory processes and extraordinary event characteristics | p. 79 |
| Characteristics of FBMs | p. 80 |
| Conditions necessary to produce FBMs | p. 84 |
| Processing the flashbulb event | p. 87 |
| Summary | p. 92 |
| Note | p. 92 |
| References | p. 93 |
| Measures of flashbulb memory: Are elaborate memories consistently accurate? | p. 99 |
| Introduction to flashbulb memory measures | p. 99 |
| The current study | p. 106 |
| Results and discussion | p. 110 |
| Summary, implications, and limitations | p. 119 |
| Note | p. 121 |
| References | p. 121 |
| Individual factors: Clinical and development issues | p. 123 |
| "Hearing the news" versus "being there": Comparing flashbulb memories and recall of first-hand experiences | p. 125 |
| Why are FBM studies so popular? | p. 127 |
| "Hearing the news" is not the same as "being there" | p. 128 |
| How valid are global assessments of memory attributes? | p. 131 |
| Direct comparisons of hearing the news and first-hand experience | p. 133 |
| Conclusions | p. 137 |
| References | p. 138 |
| Flashbulb, personal, and event memories in clinical populations | p. 141 |
| Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment | p. 141 |
| Korsakoff syndrome, other causes of amnesia, and focal brain lesions | p. 148 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | p. 150 |
| Summary of findings | p. 152 |
| Future studies | p. 153 |
| Note | p. 158 |
| References | p. 159 |
| Emotional memory and memory for emotions | p. 163 |
| Personal significance and emotional impact | p. 164 |
| Memory for emotions | p. 168 |
| Summary and implications for flashbulb memories | p. 177 |
| Note | p. 179 |
| References | p. 180 |
| Social factors: Identity, culture, and collective memory | p. 185 |
| Flashbulb memory and social identity | p. 187 |
| Conflicting findings in research on FBMs | p. 188 |
| Reconceptualizing FBMs | p. 191 |
| Consistencies in FBM research: Group differences | p. 193 |
| Social identity and long-term maintenance of FBMs | p. 197 |
| Summary and concluding comments | p. 201 |
| Note | p. 202 |
| References | p. 202 |
| A social-interactional approach to the retention of collective memories of flashbulb events | p. 207 |
| Memory for FBM-inducing events | p. 209 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 221 |
| Notes | p. 222 |
| References | p. 222 |
| Flashbulb memories, culture, and collective memories: Psychosocial processes related to rituals, emotions, and memories | p. 227 |
| FBMs and collective memories: Similarities in content and processes | p. 227 |
| The contribution of collective rituals to the formation of CM and FBM | p. 232 |
| Flashbulb memories, rituals, and emotions | p. 237 |
| Rituals, emotional activation, rehearsal, and memory of traumatic events | p. 239 |
| Conclusions | p. 242 |
| References | p. 243 |
| Cultural issues in flashbulb memory | p. 247 |
| Information transmission and mass media | p. 248 |
| Cultural variations in universal mechanisms | p. 249 |
| Culture and the self-defining functions of FBM | p. 256 |
| FBM as a cultural practice: Conclusion | p. 262 |
| References | p. 263 |
| General conclusions | p. 269 |
| Disentangling the social dimensions of memory | p. 270 |
| Methodological concerns | p. 272 |
| Emotional features of autobiographical memory | p. 274 |
| References | p. 275 |
| Author index | p. 277 |
| Subject index | p. 287 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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