| Preface |
|
xi | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xii | |
|
The Intestinal Microflora |
|
|
1 | (23) |
|
|
|
From Petri dish to polyacrylamide gel |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
Catalogues show diversity |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
|
7 | (5) |
|
Is it all the same in the end? |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Rules and regulations, but mind your language |
|
|
15 | (9) |
|
Food and the Large Intestine |
|
|
24 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Interactions of the microflora with the host |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Effect of diet on the colonic microflora |
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
Diet and bacterial species composition in the large intestine |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
Diet and bacterial metabolism |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
Intestinal bacteria and vitamins |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Bacterial growth substrates in the large intestine |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Breakdown of complex carbohydrates by intestinal bacteria |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
Protein breakdown by gut microorganisms |
|
|
35 | (4) |
|
Toxological implications of amino acid fermentation |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
Effects of carbohydrate on amino acid fermentation |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
Effect of diet on SCFA production |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
In vitro studies on SCFA production |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Lactate formation by gut microorganisms |
|
|
41 | (11) |
|
The Health Benefits of Probiotics and Prebiotics |
|
|
52 | (25) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
|
|
55 | (4) |
|
Composition of probiotic preparations |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
Tracking probiotics through the gut |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
|
|
59 | (7) |
|
Oligosaccharides as prebiotics |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Inulin and fructooligosaccharides |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Persistence of the prebiotic effect to distal regions of the colon |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Anti-adhesive activities against pathogens and toxins |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Defined health outcomes of probiotics and prebiotics |
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
Improved tolerance to lactose |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Protection from gastroenteritis |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Improved digestion and gut function |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
|
69 | (8) |
|
Intestinal Microflora and Metabolic Activity |
|
|
77 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
SCFA and electrolytes absorption |
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Physiological consequences of SCFA absorption |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
Probiotics and the intestinal metabolism of carbohydrates |
|
|
89 | (10) |
|
The Role of the Immune System |
|
|
99 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overview of the immune system |
|
|
99 | (16) |
|
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
Early induced immune response |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Adaptative immune response |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
B lymphocytes and the immunoglobulins |
|
|
104 | (5) |
|
T lymphocytes and the T cell receptor complex |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
APCs and the MHC molecules |
|
|
110 | (5) |
|
Education of lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid organs |
|
|
115 | (4) |
|
Education of T lymphocytes in the thymus |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
Education of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
The immune system functioning |
|
|
119 | (11) |
|
Peripheral lympoid tissues, a place where lymphocytes meet the antigen |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Cell-mediated immune response: generation of armed effector T cells |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Generation of Th1 and Th2 cells |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Activation of B cells in the secondary lymphoid organs |
|
|
125 | (5) |
|
Kinetics of the immune response |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Endogenous regulation of the immune response |
|
|
130 | (7) |
|
Tolerance to T cell repertoire |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Tolerance to B cell repertoire |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
Behaviour of the Immune System in Eating Disorders |
|
|
137 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Relationship between nutrition and the immune system |
|
|
137 | (9) |
|
The defence of the organism |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Immune system behaviour under malnutrition |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Effects of micronutrients on the immune system |
|
|
139 | (4) |
|
|
|
143 | (3) |
|
The immune system in eating disorders |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
Eating disorders as a clear example of malnutrition |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Cytokine participation over the lack of infection in eating disorders |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
The interrelationship between leptin and cytokines |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
|
149 | (6) |
|
Mucosal Immune System and Malnutrition |
|
|
155 | (23) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Organized mucosal lymphoid tissues |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
Role of epithelial, toll-like receptors and dentritic cells |
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Effect of nutritional factors on the microenvironment of mucosal immune system |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
|
161 | (5) |
|
Nutritional effects on immune mechanisms |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Essential amino acid deficiency and immune response |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Nutritional deficiencies and mucosal immune defence systems in animals |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
Probiotics in malnutrition |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Protein malnutrition and immune response |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Effects of probiotic addition to a renutrition diet |
|
|
168 | (10) |
|
Immune Activation Versus Hyporesponsiveness and Tolerance in the Gut |
|
|
178 | (23) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Innate and adaptative immunity |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Antigen and the T cell response |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Antigen-presenting cells in the GIT |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
T cell function in the GIT -- the CD4+ population |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Intestinal epithelial cells |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Peyer's patches -- suppression of T cell responsiveness |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Probiotic bacteria -- a biological role as live or dead organisms |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Immune activation by probiotic bacteria feeding |
|
|
187 | (5) |
|
Probiosis -- is it Gram-positive versus Gram-negative bacteria or is it live versus dead bacteria? |
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
|
|
195 | (6) |
|
Food Hypersensitivity and Allergic Diseases |
|
|
201 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Identification of high risk infants for prevention |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Management of food allergy |
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
Nutritional and Microbial Modulation of Carcinogenesis |
|
|
208 | (29) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Bacteria and cancer overview |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
|
|
211 | (6) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
β-glucuronidase and β-glycosidase |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Enzymic hydrolysis of plant flavonoids |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Nitroreductase and nitrate reductase |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of heterocyclic amines |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of sulphur-containing compounds |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Reduced exposure to toxic compounds |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Formation of toxic and protective agents during fermentation |
|
|
217 | (3) |
|
Carbohydrate fermentation |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Products of colonic protein fermentation |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Probiotics, prebiotics and cancer |
|
|
220 | (17) |
|
The Role of Nutrition in Immunity of the Aged |
|
|
237 | (33) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Aging and immune function |
|
|
238 | (10) |
|
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Age-related changes in skin and mucous barriers |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Age-related changes in phagocytic cells |
|
|
238 | (5) |
|
Age-related changes in natural killer cells |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Age-related involution of thymic function |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Quantitative and qualitative changes in T cell subpopulations in the elderly |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
Age-related changes in T cell function |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Changes in B cell number and function in the elderly |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Nutritional regulation of immune function of the aged |
|
|
248 | (10) |
|
Effect of protein-energy malnutrition on immune responses in aged people |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Alterations in polymorphonuclear functions during PEM in the elderly |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Alterations in monocyte/macrophage functions during PEM in the elderly |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Alterations in T-cell mediated immunity during PEM in the elderly |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
Alterations in B-cell mediated immunity during PEM |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Immune response during nutritional recovery in undernourished elderly persons |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Influence of nutritional recovery on PMN function in old age |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Influence of nutritional recovery on T cell function in old age |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
Influence of nutritional supplementation in healthy well-nourished elderly subjects |
|
|
255 | (3) |
|
|
|
258 | (12) |
|
|
|
270 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
| Index |
|
275 | |
