Introduction |
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1 | (1) |
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Universal properties of language |
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1 | (6) |
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2 | (1) |
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Constituency and recursion |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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The diversity of linguistics |
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10 | (1) |
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How to approach this book |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (42) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (14) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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Writing sounds: transcription |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (4) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (6) |
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32 | (1) |
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Simple and complex sounds |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (9) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (2) |
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Alternation and allomorphs |
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43 | (1) |
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Types of phonological alternations |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (42) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Morphology: the study of word-structure |
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59 | (7) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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Some morphological operations of the world's languages |
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66 | (6) |
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67 | |
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Other types of affixation |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Two purposes of morphology: derivation and inflection |
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72 | (20) |
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74 | (6) |
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80 | (10) |
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Acquiring inflectional contrasts |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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96 | (1) |
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The structure of sentences |
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97 | (40) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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The amazing robot basketball player |
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98 | (1) |
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Applying the metaphor to the structure of sentences |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (11) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (6) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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Grammars are finite; language is not |
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111 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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The significance of recursion |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (9) |
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You can do without that, but not always |
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113 | (3) |
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Heavy Determiner Phrase movement |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (1) |
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Differences in syntax across languages |
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122 | (4) |
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Head-complement order in Hindi |
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122 | (1) |
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Immobile-WH-words in Thai |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (3) |
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A functional analysis of pronouns |
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126 | (2) |
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Contrasting formal and functional analyses |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (4) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (32) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Speaker's meaning and semantic meaning |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (18) |
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Fundamental semantic concepts and compositionality |
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140 | (1) |
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Subjects, predicates, and arguments |
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141 | (2) |
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Thematic roles and lexical semantics |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (4) |
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156 | (1) |
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Pragmatics 1: meaning and context |
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157 | (2) |
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Indexicality, context-dependency, and anaphora |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Pragmatics 2: meaning and the intention to communicate |
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159 | (4) |
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The Gricean view of meaning |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (36) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Language use above and beyond the sentence |
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170 | (2) |
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Data: language use in everyday life |
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172 | (3) |
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Spoken and written discourse: a first look |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (10) |
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Sequential and distributional analyses |
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177 | (1) |
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Repair and recipient design |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Summary: spoken discourse |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (6) |
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Fragmentation and integration |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (5) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (11) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Linking together planes of discourse |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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202 | (3) |
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Child language acquisition |
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205 | (30) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Gathering data on language acquisition |
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206 | (4) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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The data: milestones in child language development |
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210 | (14) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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First sentences: morphological and syntactic development |
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213 | (6) |
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Crosslinguistic and crosscultural aspects of language acquisition |
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219 | (5) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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What's at stake in the child language debate? |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (40) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (6) |
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237 | (1) |
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The cerebral cortex and its neurons |
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238 | (1) |
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Cytoarchitectonics: the distribution of neurons in the cortex |
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238 | (3) |
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The cerebellum, subcortical structures, and networks in the brain |
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241 | (1) |
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Questions about the biology of language |
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242 | (4) |
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Biological substrates: what are the biological bases of language? |
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242 | (2) |
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Biotemporal dynamics: what does brain activity during language use look like? |
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244 | (1) |
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Separability: do different language functions depend on different biological substrates? |
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244 | (1) |
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Domain specificity: are the biological substrates of language dedicated exclusively to language? |
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245 | (1) |
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Methods in the study of the biology of language |
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246 | (9) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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Direct brain recording and stimulation |
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253 | (1) |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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254 | (1) |
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Evidence and explanations |
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255 | (18) |
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The lexicon, conceptual-semantics, and phonology |
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256 | (8) |
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264 | (6) |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (36) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Causes of language change |
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277 | (3) |
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Articulatory simplification |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (5) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of language change |
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285 | (13) |
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285 | (9) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (2) |
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Linguistic reconstruction and language families |
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298 | (6) |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (1) |
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Historical linguistics and culture |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (4) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (32) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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The nature of dialect variation |
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312 | (7) |
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Languages, dialects, and standards |
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312 | (2) |
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The regular patterning of dialects |
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314 | (1) |
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Why are standards held in such esteem? |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (3) |
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Levels of dialect variation |
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319 | (7) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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Morphosyntactic variation |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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Shared features among dialects |
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324 | (2) |
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Types of dialect variation |
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326 | (7) |
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Social class and social network |
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326 | (2) |
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Gender-based patterns of variation |
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328 | (1) |
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Ethnicity-based variation |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (1) |
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Age-based variation and language change |
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333 | (1) |
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The fate of dialect variation |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (4) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (30) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Culturally-influenced aspects of language |
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344 | (3) |
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Language, culture, and framing |
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347 | (2) |
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Crosscultural miscommunication |
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349 | (2) |
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Politeness and interaction |
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351 | (3) |
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High-involvement and high-considerateness styles |
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354 | (8) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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The ritual nature of conversation |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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Complementary schismogenesis |
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365 | (1) |
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Language and cultural relativity |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (28) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Identity politics and language |
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374 | (4) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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Interpreting some of the cases |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (8) |
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Minimum and arbitrary standards |
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380 | (1) |
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Nonstandard language: Ebonics |
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381 | (2) |
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Language issues in China and Singapore |
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383 | (2) |
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The politics of standardization |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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``Languages'' and ``dialects'' |
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386 | (3) |
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The politics of languages and dialects |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (6) |
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Language rights in the United States |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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Bilingual maintenance: continuing immigration |
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392 | (1) |
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Bilingual maintenance: group identity |
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393 | (2) |
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Controlling the content of speech |
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395 | (3) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (32) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (12) |
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405 | (4) |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (3) |
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Consonantal alphabetic systems |
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414 | (2) |
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The development of writing |
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416 | (9) |
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416 | (3) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (2) |
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The consequences of literacy |
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425 | (4) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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432 | (1) |
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Second language acquisition |
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433 | (32) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Theories of second language acquisition |
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434 | (12) |
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434 | (1) |
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Comprehensible input and the natural order hypothesis |
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435 | (3) |
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The interaction hypothesis |
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438 | (2) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
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Frequency-based approaches |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (1) |
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Individual differences in second language acquisition |
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446 | (4) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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Context of second language learning |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (4) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (2) |
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452 | (2) |
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454 | (5) |
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455 | (3) |
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Bridging the theory-pedagogy gap |
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458 | (1) |
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Task-based language teaching and learning |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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463 | (2) |
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Computational linguistics |
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465 | (26) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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The computational perspective |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (5) |
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468 | (1) |
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Morphological analysis and synthesis |
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468 | (3) |
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471 | (7) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (2) |
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474 | (1) |
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Beyond context-free grammars |
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474 | (2) |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (3) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (2) |
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Natural language generation |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (4) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (51) |
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Major challenges in computational linguistics |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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491 | |