Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare Empowering People

by Zastrow, Charles

Edition: 10th

ISBN13: 9780495809524

ISBN10: 0495809527

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2009-08-06

Publisher(s): Brooks Cole

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Summary

Zastrow's bestselling Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People, 10e offers a comprehensive overview of the profession as it examines contemporary society with a realistic view of social problems. By presenting positive strategies in the context of the core values, ethics, skills, and knowledge base of today's professional social worker, Zastrow encourages readers to think about new and realistic ways to solve problems and empower clients. Completely up to date, it also includes new coverage of human rights, the housing crisis and recession, President Obama's social welfare agenda, and much more.

Preface	p. xix

Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and Future	p. 1
Goal of Social Welfare	p. 2
Social Welfare as an Institution and as a Discipline	p. 3
Social Welfare's Relationship to Sociology and to Other Academic Disciplines	p. 4
Social Welfare's Relationship to Social Work	p. 5
Social Welfare's Relationship to Other Institutions	p. 5
Social Welfare's Relationship to Human Services	p. 6
Residual View versus Institutional View of Social Welfare	p. 6
Liberalism versus Conservatism	p. 8
Developmental View of Social Welfare	p. 9
History of Social Welfare	p. 10
Early European History	p. 10
The Elizabethan Poor Law	p. 10
The Industrial Revolution	p. 11
Turn of the 20th Century	p. 12
The Great Depression and the Social Security Act	p. 12
The Great Society and War on Poverty	p. 15
Conservatism in the 1970s and 1980s	p. 15
A Move toward Liberalism-and Back-in the 1990s	p. 17
The Devolution Revolution	p. 17
Compassionate Conservatism	p. 18
Barack Obama-Will Change Come?	p. 18
Where Do We Stand Today?	p. 19
The Future	p. 20
Dramatic Changes Foreseen in the American Family	p. 20
Biomedical Technology	p. 21
New Family Forms	p. 28
Concluding Comments	p. 35
Summary	p. 36
Social Work as a Profession and a Career	p. 39
A Brief History of Social Work	p. 40
A Multiskilled Profession	p. 42
A Problem-Solving Approach	p. 43
Generalist Social Work Practice	p. 44
Micro-, Mezzo-, and Macropractice	p. 45
Social Casework	p. 45
Case Management	p. 45
Group Work	p. 45
Group Therapy	p. 46
Family Therapy	p. 46
Community Organization	p. 47
Administration	p. 48
A Medical versus a Systems Model of Human Behavior	p. 48
An Ecological Model of Human Behavior	p. 49
Goals of Social Work Practice	p. 51
Enhance the Problem-Solving, Coping, and Developmental Capacities of People	p. 51
Link People with Systems That Provide Them with Resources, Services, and Opportunities	p. 51
Promote the Effectiveness and Humane Operation of Systems That Provide People with Resources and Services	p. 51
Develop and Improve Social Policy	p. 51
Promote Human and Community Well-Being	p. 51
The Strengths Perspective and Empowerment	p. 52
Social Work Stereotypes	p. 54
Employment Settings and Opportunities in Social Work	p. 54
Private Practice of Social Work	p. 55
International Social Work	p. 56
Self-Awareness and Identity Development	p. 59
Identity Formation	p. 59
Questions for Arriving at a Sense of Identity	p. 60
Summary	p. 61
Generalist Social Work Practice	p. 64
Generalist Social Work Practice Defined	p. 65
The Change Process	p. 66
Educational Policy 2.1.10(a)-Engagement	p. 66
Educational Policy 2.1.10(b)-Assessment	p. 67
Educational Policy 2.1.10(c)-Intervention	p. 67
Educational Policy 2.1.10(d)-Evaluation	p. 67
Engaging Clients in an Appropriate Working Relationship	p. 67
Identifying Issues, Problems, Needs, Resources, and Assets	p. 67
Collecting and Assessing Information	p. 68
Planning for Service Delivery	p. 68
Using Communication Skills, Supervision, and Consultation	p. 68
Identifying, Analyzing, and Implementing Empirically Based Interventions Designed to Achieve Client Goals	p. 69
Applying Empirical Knowledge and Technological Advances	p. 69
Evaluating Program Outcomes and Practice Effectiveness	p. 70
A Variety of Roles	p. 70
Enabler	p. 70
Broker	p. 71
Advocate	p. 71
Activist	p. 71
Mediator	p. 71
Negotiator	p. 71
Educator	p. 71
Initiator	p. 72
Empowerer	p. 72
Coordinator	p. 72
Researcher	p. 72
Group Facilitator	p. 72
Public Speaker	p. 72
Social Work with Individuals	p. 73
Social Work with Families	p. 73
Family Problems	p. 73
Satir's Family Therapy Approach	p. 74
Social Work with Groups	p. 76
Therapy Groups	p. 79
Social Work with Organizations	p. 81
Social Work with the Community	p. 87
A Brief History of Community Practice	p. 88
Models of Community Practice	p. 89
Knowledge, Skills, and Values for Social Work Practice	p. 92
Educational Policy 2.1-Core Competencies	p. 92
Educational Policy B2.2-Generalist Practice	p. 96
Educational Policy M2.2-Advanced Practice	p. 96
Educational Policy 2.3-Signature Pedagogy: Field Education	p. 96
Social Work Values	p. 96
Respect for the Dignity and Uniqueness of the Individual	p. 97
Clients' Right to Self-Determination	p. 98
Confidentiality	p. 99
Advocacy and Social Action for the Oppressed	p. 102
Accountability	p. 102
The Institutional Orientation	p. 102
Respect for the Spiritual and Religious Beliefs of Others	p. 103
Promoting Social and Economic Justice, and Safeguarding Human Rights	p. 104
Social Work Education	p. 108
Two-Year Associate Programs	p. 108
Undergraduate and Graduate Education	p. 108
Summary	p. 110
Social Problems and Social Services
Poverty and Public Welfare	p. 113
The Problem	p. 114
A Brief History of Our Response to the Poor	p. 115
The Rich and the Poor	p. 118
Defining Poverty Is a Policy Problem	p. 120
Who Are the Poor?	p. 122
Causes of Poverty	p. 123
The Culture of Poverty	p. 123
Functions of Poverty	p. 125
Social Insurance Programs	p. 126
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI)	p. 126
Medicare	p. 127
Unemployment Insurance	p. 127
Workers' Compensation Insurance	p. 127
Public Assistance Programs	p. 127
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)	p. 129
General Assistance	p. 129
Medicaid	p. 129
Food Stamps	p. 129
Housing Assistance	p. 130
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families	p. 131
Proposed Welfare Alternative Program: Family Allowance Program	p. 132
Social Work and Public Welfare	p. 132
Working with Discouraged People	p. 134
President Obama's Proposals to Combat Poverty	p. 135
Summary	p. 136
Emotional/Behavioral Problems and Counseling	p. 139
A Perspective on Emotional and Behavioral Problems	p. 140
Nature and Extent of Emotional and Behavioral Problems	p. 141
What Is Mental Illness?	p. 141
Medical Model	p. 141
Interactional Model	p. 143
Labeling as the Cause of Chronic ""Mental Illness""	p. 147
Other Issues	p. 150
The Homeless	p. 150
Civil Rights	p. 151
Plea of Innocent by Reason of Insanity	p. 152
Use of Psychotropic Drugs	p. 153
Managed Mental Health Care	p. 153
Social Structure and Mental Illness	p. 156
Treatment	p. 158
Brief History	p. 158
Current Trends	p. 159
Treatment Facilities: Community Mental Health Centers	p. 160
Social Work and Mental Health	p. 160
Counseling	p. 162
How to Counsel	p. 162
Comprehensive and Specialized Counseling Approaches	p. 166
Changing Unwanted Emotions	p. 168
Meaningful Activity	p. 168
Changing Self-Talk	p. 169
Changing the Distressing Event	p. 172
Destructive Ways of Dealing with Unwanted Emotions	p. 172
Summary	p. 172
Family Problems and Services to Families	p. 176
Diverse Family Forms	p. 177
The American Family: Past and Present	p. 178
The Family in Preindustrial Society	p. 178
The Family in Industrial Society	p. 179
Problems in the Family	p. 181
Divorce	p. 181
Empty-Shell Marriages	p. 185
Violence in Families	p. 187
Sexual Abuse of Children	p. 201
Births Outside of Marriage	p. 205
Rape	p. 211
Summary	p. 216
Sexual Orientation and Services to GLBT Individuals	p. 221
Sex in History and in Other Cultures	p. 222
Formal Study of Sex	p. 226
Sigmund Freud	p. 226
Alfred Kinsey	p. 226
William Masters and Virginia Johnson	p. 227
Variances Rather Than Sexual Problems	p. 228
Sexual Orientation	p. 229
Some Definitions	p. 229
Myths and Facts about Gays and Lesbians	p. 230
Incidence of Homosexuality	p. 234
Causes of Sexual Orientation	p. 234
Life Experiences of Gays and Lesbians	p. 235
Current Issues for Gays and Lesbians	p. 240
A Brief Introduction to Transgenderism	p. 242
Social Work with GLBT Individuals	p. 242
Summary	p. 243
Drug Abuse and Drug Treatment Programs	p. 247
Drugs and Drug Abuse	p. 248
A Brief History of Our Drug-Taking Society	p. 249
Sociological Theories of Drug Abuse	p. 250
Anomie Theory	p. 250
Labeling Theory	p. 251
Differential Association	p. 251
Drug Subcultures	p. 252
Facts about and Effects of Commonly Used Drugs	p. 252
Depressants	p. 252
Stimulants	p. 261
Hallucinogens	p. 265
Tobacco	p. 266
Marijuana	p. 267
Anabolic Steroids	p. 268
Rehabilitation Programs	p. 269
Alcohol Treatment Programs	p. 269
Other Drug Treatment Programs	p. 270
Understanding and Treating Codependency	p. 275
Suggestions for Curbing Drug Abuse in the Future	p. 276
Educational Programs	p. 276
Prevention of Illegal Drug Trafficking across Borders	p. 277
Employee Drug-Testing Programs	p. 278
Stricter Laws and Enforcement	p. 278
Decriminalization of Drug Use	p. 279
Summary	p. 280
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Correctional Services	p. 283
Nature and Extent of Crime	p. 284
What Is Crime?	p. 284
How Extensive Is Crime?	p. 284
Who Is Arrested?	p. 286
How Accurate Are Official Crime Statistics?	p. 287
Crime Causation Theories	p. 288
Early Theories	p. 289
Physical and Mental Trait Theories	p. 289
Psychological Theories	p. 290
Sociological Theories	p. 291
Usefulness of Theories	p. 295
Types of Crime	p. 295
Organized Crime	p. 295
White-Collar Crime	p. 297
Computer Crime	p. 299
Hate Crime	p. 300
Public-Order Crimes	p. 300
Sex Offenses	p. 301
Human Trafficking	p. 301
Homicide and Assault	p. 302
Theft	p. 302
Juvenile Delinquency	p. 304
The Criminal Justice System	p. 306
The Police	p. 306
The Courts	p. 307
Correctional Systems	p. 308
How to Reduce Crime and Delinquency	p. 313
Increasing or Decreasing Sentences	p. 313
Reforming the Correctional System	p. 315
Preventing Crime	p. 317
Social Work and the Criminal Justice System	p. 319
Role of Social Work	p. 319
Factors Influencing Treatment	p. 319
Summary	p. 321
Problems in Education and School Social Work	p. 325
Problematic Areas in Education	p. 326
The Question of Quality	p. 327
Equal Access to Quality Education	p. 327
Confusion about the Goals of Education	p. 330
Intolerable Working Conditions for Some Teachers	p. 331
Strategies to Improve Education	p. 333
Increase Incentives for Teachers	p. 333
Improve the Curriculum	p. 334
Allow Parental Choice of Schools	p. 334
Expand Preschool Programs	p. 337
Toward Equal Educational Opportunity	p. 338
Reform of School Financing	p. 338
Compensatory Education	p. 339
Effective Integration	p. 340
President Obama's Proposals to Improve Education	p. 341
School Social Workers: A Response to Crisis	p. 341
The Nature of Behavior	p. 342
Traditional School Social Work Roles	p. 343
Newer School Social Work Roles	p. 346
Summary	p. 352
Work-Related Problems and Social Work in the Workplace	p. 355
A Brief History of Work	p. 356
Trends in the American Workforce	p. 357
Increase in White-Collar Workers	p. 358
Emergence of an Employee Society	p. 358
Specialization	p. 358
Increase in Women in the Workforce	p. 359
Emphasis on Intrinsic Rewards	p. 359
Emphasis on High Technology	p. 359
The Growth of Low-Paying Jobs	p. 360
Outsourcing in a Global Factory	p. 360
Problems in the Work Setting	p. 361
Alienation	p. 361
Unemployment	p. 364
Occupational Health Hazards	p. 370
Social Work in the Workplace	p. 372
A Brief History	p. 372
The Status of Social Work in the Workplace	p. 373
Employee Assistance Programs	p. 374
Summary	p. 376
Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice	p. 379
Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism	p. 380
Race and Racism	p. 381
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression	p. 381
Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes	p. 382
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination	p. 383
Race as a Social Concept	p. 383
Institutional Racism and Institutional Discrimination	p. 385
Immigration Status	p. 387
White Privilege	p. 388
Causes of Racial Discrimination and Oppression	p. 388
The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression	p. 390
Stereotyping and Multiculturalism: A Perspective	p. 391
Background of Racial Groups	p. 392
African Americans	p. 392
Latinos	p. 396
Native Americans	p. 399
Asian Americans	p. 400
Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice	p. 402
Mass Media Appeals	p. 402
Greater Interaction among the Races	p. 402
Civil Rights Laws	p. 402
Activism	p. 403
School Busing	p. 404
Affirmative Action Programs	p. 405
Confrontation of Racist and Ethnic Remarks and Actions	p. 406
Minority-Owned Businesses	p. 407
Grassroots Approaches to Improving Deteriorating Neighborhoods	p. 407
Ethnic-Sensitive Social Work Practice	p. 409
Empowerment	p. 409
Strengths Perspective	p. 409
Culturally Competent Practice	p. 410
The Future of American Race and Ethnic Relations	p. 412
Summary	p. 414
Sexism and Efforts for Achieving Equality	p. 418
History of Sex Roles and Sexism	p. 419
Sexual Harassment	p. 423
Traditional Sex-Role Expectations	p. 425
Is There a Biological Basis for Sexism?	p. 426
Sex-Role Socialization	p. 428
Consequences of Sexism	p. 430
Effects on Occupation and Income	p. 430
Effects on Human Interactions	p. 432
Maternal Wall	p. 434
Recent Developments and a Look to the Future	p. 434
President Obama's Proposals to Advance the Status of Women	p. 435
Sexism and Social Work	p. 435
Social Work's Response to Women's Issues	p. 435
The Feminist Perspective on Therapy	p. 438
Future Directions of the Women's Movement	p. 442
Summary	p. 443
Aging and Gerontological Services	p. 448
An Overview	p. 449
A ""Recently Discovered"" Minority Group	p. 449
A New View of Aging	p. 450
Definitions of Later Adulthood	p. 451
An Increasing Older Adult Population	p. 452
The ""Old Old"" - The Fastest-Growing Age Group	p. 453
Problems Faced by Older Adults	p. 453
Low Status	p. 453
Early Retirement	p. 455
Societal Emphasis on Youth	p. 457
Health Problems and Costs of Health Care	p. 457
Financial Problems	p. 459
Loss of Family and Friends	p. 461
Substandard Housing	p. 462
Transportation	p. 462
Crime Victimization	p. 462
Sexuality in Later Adulthood	p. 462
Malnutrition	p. 463
Depression and Other Emotional Problems	p. 463
Death	p. 464
Parent Abuse	p. 465
Current Services	p. 467
Older Americans Act of 1965	p. 467
Nursing Homes	p. 467
Social Work and Older Adults	p. 470
The Emergence of Older Adults as a Powerful Political Force	p. 471
Development of Social Roles for Older Adults	p. 472
Preparation for Later Adulthood	p. 474
Summary	p. 475
Health Problems and Medical Social Services	p. 478
Physical Illnesses and the Health Care System	p. 479
Problems in Health Care	p. 480
Service Orientation versus Profit Orientation	p. 480
Emphasis on Treatment Rather Than on Prevention	p. 481
Unequal Access to Health Services	p. 484
Low-Quality Health Care for Older Adults	p. 486
AIDS	p. 486
Controversy over the Use of Life-Sustaining Equipment	p. 491
The High Cost of Medical Care	p. 492
Financing Medical Care	p. 493
Medicaid	p. 494
State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)	p. 494
Medicare	p. 494
Private Insurance	p. 495
Improving the Current System	p. 495
Holding Down Costs	p. 495
Preventive Medicine and Managed Care	p. 495
Additional Health Care Proposals	p. 497
Establishing a National Health Insurance Program in the United States	p. 497
President Obama's Proposals to Improve Health Care	p. 498
Medical Social Work	p. 498
Counseling the Terminally Ill	p. 502
Summary	p. 506
Physical and Mental Disabilities and Rehabilitation	p. 509
History of Rehabilitation Practices	p. 510
Developmental Disabilities	p. 513
Autism	p. 513
Cognitive Disability	p. 514
Society's Reactions to Disabilities	p. 517
Current Services	p. 518
Rehabilitation Centers	p. 519
Educational Programs	p. 520
Residential Programs	p. 521
Day-Care Centers	p. 521
Hospital Services	p. 521
Home Services	p. 521
Federal and State Assistance Programs	p. 521
Roles of Social Workers	p. 522
Counseling Clients	p. 522
Counseling Families	p. 523
Taking Social Histories	p. 523
Serving as Case Manager	p. 523
Serving as Liaison between the Family and the Agency	p. 523
Being a Broker	p. 523
Doing Discharge Planning	p. 523
Empowering Consumers of Services	p. 525
Summary	p. 527
Overpopulation, Misuse of the Environment, and Family Planning	p. 530
The Population Crisis	p. 531
Doubling Time and Population Growth	p. 531
Doubling Time and Developing Countries	p. 532
An Optimal Population Size	p. 533
Problems of Overpopulation	p. 534
The Theory of Demographic Transition	p. 539
Problem Attitudes and Values	p. 540
Two Countries with Severe Population Problems	p. 540
Environmental Problems	p. 543
Despoilment of the Land	p. 543
Waste Disposal	p. 544
Global Warming	p. 544
Air Pollution	p. 545
Radioactive Leaks from Nuclear Power Plants	p. 546
Nuclear War	p. 546
Water Pollution	p. 547
Acid Rain	p. 548
General Pollutants	p. 548
What Needs to Be Done	p. 549
Confronting Overpopulation	p. 549
The Abortion Controversy	p. 551
Providing Family Planning Services	p. 554
Confronting Environmental Problems	p. 556
Social Work and Family Planning	p. 561
Summary	p. 562
Epilogue	p. 567
Appendix	p. 569
Glossary	p. 583
Name Index	p. 599
Subject Index	p. 603
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