A Critical Issue Demands a Critical Approach. Juvenile Delinquency: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition, is a broad, comprehensive introduction to one of society's most pressing problems. Offering a highly analytical yet balanced approach, the book gets readers thinking critically about important real-world issues including the effects of inequality, race, class, and gender on juvenile delinquency and the justice system. Lively, engaging, and accessible,Juvenile Delinquencyis ideal for delinquency courses in both criminal justice and sociology departments. FEATURES OF THIS EDITION *Straightforward explanationsof theory, history, gender, and international issues *Rich pedagogical features,including a new box program highlighting issues of race, class, and gender, as well as new review questions and learning objectives *New chapter on substance abuse *Enhanced coverage of many issuesincluding biological theories of crime, prevention strategies and programs, and reentry *Completely updatedwith the latest research, statistics, and developments in the field SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES *New companion website(www.oup.com/us/fuller) featuring a variety of resources * A thoroughly updatedInstructor's Manual(ISBN 978-0-19-994465-1) containing PowerPoint-based lecture slides, a test bank, and more

John Randolph Fuller is Professor of Criminology at the University of West Georgia.

PART I. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: DEFINITIONS, HISTORY, AND MEASUREMENT
CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS A JUVENILE DELINQUENT?
The Social Construction of Childhood
Defining the Terms
Transition or Rebellion
> Parens Patriae and the Law
Adolescents and Juvenile Delinquency
Measuring Delinquency
Defining Crime and Delinquency
> The Dark Figure of Crime
Measurement Tools
> The Uniform Crime Reports
---- Juvenile Delinquency and the UCR
> The National Incident-Based Reporting System
> The National Crime Victimization Survey
> Self-Report Studies
Measures of Youths as Victims and Offenders
> Youths as Victims
---- Sexual Victimization
---- Effects of Youth Victimization
> A Typology of Juvenile Delinquents
---- Status Offenders
---- Property Offenders
---- Drug Users and Abusers
---- Gang Members
---- Chronic and Violent Juvenile Delinquents
The System of Last Resort
Growing Up Too Soon
Are We Waging a War on Children?
CHAPTER 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Development of the Concept of Childhood
Acquiring Adulthood
Leaving Home at an Early Age
The Child Reform Movement
The Child Savers
The Juvenile Court
History of the Juvenile Court
Boys, Girls, and Bias: The Double Standard
For Their Own Good
The Modern System
> Status Offenses
> Language and Terminology
> Process
The Changing Nature of Childhood
Modern Childhood
Trends in Thinking about Delinquency and Juvenile Justice
PART II. THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY
What Good Is Theory and What Is Good Theory?
The Scientific Method and Social Science
Spiritual Explanations of Crime and Delinquency
The Classical School of Criminology
History of the Classical School
> Cesare Beccaria
> Jeremy Bentham
Deterrence Theory
> What Is Deterrence?
> Deterrence and Juveniles
The Classical School of Criminology Today
> Rational Choice Theory
> Shock Deterrence
> Shock Incarceration
> Scared Straight-Style Programs
> Juvenile Boot Camps
> Can Modern Deterrence Work?
The Positivist School of Criminology
History of the Positivist School
> Adolphe Quetelet
> Andre-Michel Guerry
> Auguste Comte
> Cesare Lombroso
Positivism and Juveniles
CHAPTER 4: BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
Biological Theories
The First Biological Theories of Crime
> Cesare Lombroso and Atavisms
> William Sheldon and Body Types
> Franz Joseph Gall and Phrenology
Heredity
> Studies of Twins and Adopted Children
> Heredity and Behavior
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Biosocial Theory
Psychological Theories
Psychodynamic Perspective
Piaget's Cognitive Development
Moral Development
> Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
> Does Sex Affect Morality?
Intelligence and Delinquency
> Intellectual Disability
Freud, Personality, and Delinquent Behavior
Is There an Antisocial Personality?
> Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
> Psychopathy
CHAPTER 5: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
Social Structure Theories
Social Disorganization
> Urban Inequality
Social Process Theories
Learning Theories
> Differential Association
> Social Learning Theory
> Techniques of Neutralization
Anomie and Strain Theory
> Durkheim and Anomie
> Merton and Strain
> Agnew and Strain
Social Control Theory
> Personality and Social Control
> Containment Theory
Hirschi's Social Control Theory
Subcultural Theories
Delinquent Boys
Differential Opportunity Theory
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Subculture of Violence
The Code of the Street
Social Reaction Theories
Labeling Theory
Shaming Theory
CHAPTER 6: CRITICAL, LIFE-COURSE, AND INTEGRATED THEORIES
Critical Theories
Marxist Theory
Left Realism
Critical Race Theory
Postmodern Criminology
Cultural Criminology
Peacemaking Criminology
Life-Course Theories
Life-Course-Persistent and Adolescent-Limited Crime
> Life-Course-Persistent Offenders
> Adolescent-Limited Offenders
Pathways and Turning Points
The Prediction Problem
Integrated Theories
Elliott's Integrated Theory of Delinquent Behavior
Thornberry's Interactional Theory of Delinquency
Tittle's Control Balance Theory
PART III. DELINQUENCY IN SOCIETY
CHAPTER 7: FEMALE DELINQUENCY
Girls to Women: A Developmental View
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Psychological and Social Development
> Identity
> Fitting In and Being Popular
> Dating and Sex
> Cutting the Strings of Parental Control
The Extent and Nature of Female Delinquency
Theories of Female Delinquency
Biological Theories
> Early Puberty and Delinquency in Girls
Psychological Theories
Sociological Theories
Feminist Theories
Gender and the Juvenile Justice System
CHAPTER 8: THE FAMILY AND DELINQUENCY
Functions of the Family
Challenges in Families Today
Child Victimization in the Family
> Child Neglect
---- Failure-to-Thrive Syndrome
---- Emotional Neglect
---- Unsafe Home Environment
---- Drug and Alcohol Use
---- Medical Neglect
---- Abandonment
> Physical Child Abuse
> Sexual Child Abuse
Families and Delinquency
Divorce
Social Support
Family Conflict
Parents and Siblings
CHAPTER 9: SCHOOLS AND DELINQUENCY
The Purpose of School
Keeping Control
Preventing Delinquency in School
What about the Teachers?
School Safety
School Shootings
Bullying
School Failure and Delinquency
Suspension and Expulsion
Dropping Out
Education and Juvenile Delinquency
CHAPTER 10: YOUTH GANGS AND DELINQUENCY
What Is a Gang?
Studying Gangs
Delinquency, Peers, and Group Activity
Joining the Gang
Types of Gangs
> Black and Hispanic Gangs
---- Crips
---- Bloods
---- The People, Latin Kings, and Vice Lords
---- Folks
> Asian Gangs
> White Gangs
> Gangs and Females
Dealing with Gangs
Prevention, Suppression, and Treatment of Gangs
> Primary Gang Prevention
> Secondary Gang Prevention
> Tertiary Gang Prevention
CHAPTER 11: SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Drugs Youths Use
Tobacco
Alcohol
Marijuana
Methamphetamine
Inhalants
Prescription Drugs
Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Other Substances
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Peer Pressure
Family
Neighborhoods
Individual Factors
Drugs and Delinquency
The Drug Trade
Supporting a Drug Habit
Prevention and Treatment
Prevention
Treatment
PART IV. JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND CULTURAL COMPARISONS
CHAPTER 12: THE POLICE
A Short History of Juvenile Policing
The Police: Dealing with Juvenile Delinquents and Victims
Dealing with Juveniles
Specialized Juvenile Policing
> Juvenile Officers
> Juvenile Units
---- Gang Units
Neglected and Abused Children
Status Offenders
Violent Juveniles
Procedure: What the Police Do
Taking into Custody
Booking
> Fingerprints and Photographs
Search and Seizure
Interrogation
> Miranda and Juveniles
> Waiver of Miranda Rights
> The Juvenile Miranda
Custody
Discretion: How the Police Decide What to Do
Demands of the Law
Demands of the Situation
Bias
> Racial Discrimination by the Police
> Sex Discrimination by the Police
Controlling Police Discretion
Prevention: What the Police Do to Help
Community Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing
Zero-Tolerance Policing
CHAPTER 13: THE JUVENILE COURT
Organization and Jurisdiction
Key Players
Juveniles
Juvenile Court Judge
Prosecutor
Juvenile Defense Counsel
> Public Defenders
Juvenile Intake Officers
Juvenile Probation Officers
Juvenile Court Process
Custody and Detention
Petitions and Summonses
Juvenile Court Hearings
> Preliminary Hearing
> Adjudicatory Hearing
> Dispositional Hearing
Jury Trials and Plea Bargaining
> Jury Trial
> Plea Bargaining
Due Process
> Right to a Lawyer
> Protection against Self-Incrimination
> Right to Notice of Charges
> Right to Confront and Cross-Examine Witnesses
> Protection against Double Jeopardy
> Confidentiality and Accountability
Trying Juveniles as Adults
Judicial Waiver
Direct Filing
Statutory Exclusion
Blended Sentencing
Who Gets Waived to the Criminal Court?
CHAPTER 14: JUVENILE CORRECTIONS
Community Corrections
Standard Probation
Intensive-Supervision Probation
Electronic Monitoring
Home Confinement
Fines and Victim Compensation
Residential Treatment Programs
> Foster Care
> Group Homes and Halfway Houses
> Alternative-Experience Programs
> Advantages of Residential Treatment Programs
Secure Confinement
Jails
Detention Centers
Juvenile Correctional Facilities
Boot Camp Prisons
State Prisons
Crowding
Suicide Prevention
Incarcerated Girls
Correctional Programs
> Education
> Vocational Training
> Recreational Programs
> Counseling and Treatment
---- Nondirective Counseling
---- Directive Counseling
---- Group Counseling
> Reentry
CHAPTER 15: INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE DELINQUENCY
Culture and the Discontented
Comparative Delinquency
Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice in Other Nations
China
India
Russia
South Africa
Japan
England and Wales
> Drugs
> Joyriding
> Yob Culture
> Riots
Hong Kong
International Victimization of Children
Children at War
Child Prostitution