More Opengl Game Programming

by Astle,Editor, Dave

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9781592008308

ISBN10: 1592008305

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2005-11-01

Publisher(s): Cengage Learning PTR

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Summary

Ready to put the newest, most advanced features of OpenGL to work in your games?"More OpenGL Game Programming" is more than simply a continuation of the successful "Beginning OpenGL Game Programming" and "OpenGL Game Programming." This new version of the book contains contributions by more than 20 OpenGL and game-programming experts, designed to take you beyond the limited scope of most introductory game-programming texts. Focusing on the graphical components of games, More OpenGL Game Programming introduces you to advanced OpenGL features, such as shaders and advanced texture mapping and lighting, and then shows you how to put these features to use by accomplishing such tasks as creating special effects, simulating natural effects, and rendering terrain. Finally, you'll learn how to animate and render models, as well as how to efficiently manage your game objects. If you're an intermediate game programmer who is ready to move on to advanced OpenGL game programming, this book is the reference you need to get you started.

Introduction

Part I: Performance Tips and Hints

(232)

More OpenGL

(44)

Vertex Buffer Objects

(7)

Creating Buffer Objects

(1)

Placing Data in Buffers

(1)

Destroying Buffers

(1)

Using Buffers with Vertex Arrays

(3)

Using Buffers with Index Arrays

(1)

Mapping Buffers

(1)

Vertex Buffer Object Examples

(1)

Pixel Buffer Objects

(5)

Binding PBOs

(1)

Using Pixel Buffer Objects

(1)

Applications of PBOs

(2)

Framebuffer Objects

(10)

Framebuffer Object Overview

(1)

Advantages of Framebuffer Objects

(1)

Using FBOs

(2)

Renderbuffers

(2)

Setting the Read and Draw Buffer

(1)

Querying Information

(2)

FBO Completeness

(1)

Performance Tips

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Multisampling

(6)

Using Multisampling

(5)

Floating-Point Buffers

(2)

Creating Floating-Point Buffers

(1)

Color Clamp Control

(1)

Occlusion Queries

(4)

Creating and Destroying Queries

(1)

Using Queries

(2)

Occlusion Query Example

(1)

User Clip Planes

(7)

How to Find a Plane Equation

(1)

Specifying the Half Space to Cut

(1)

Clip Planes and Planar Reflections

(4)

Advanced Clipping Technique

(1)

Disabling Vsync

(1)

Summary

(1)

Introduction to Shaders

(8)

A Brief History of Shaders

(1)

What Is a Shader?

(4)

Shader Input and Output

(1)

Vertex Shaders

(1)

Fragment Shaders

(1)

Applications of Shaders

(1)

Summary

(1)

Low-Level Shaders

(24)

ARB_vertex_program

(13)

Data Vectors

(1)

Instructions

(1)

Write Masking

(1)

Example 1: Vertex Program

(1)

OpenGL Functions for ARB_vertex_program

(1)

Explicit Program Parameters

(1)

Source-Vector Modifications

(1)

Example 2: Vertex Interpolation

(2)

Generic Vertex Attributes and Matrices

(2)

Lighting

(1)

Fog

(1)

Example 3: Vertex Interpolation with Lighting and Fog

(3)

Program Options

(1)

Relative Addressing

(1)

ARB_fragment_program

(10)

Example 4: Procedural Shading

(5)

Texture Sampling

(1)

Example 5: Per-Pixel Reflection

(2)

KIL: Kill Fragment Instruction

(1)

Depth Output

(1)

Summary

(1)

The OpenGL Shading Language

(100)

Introduction

(1)

What Is the OpenGL Shading Language?

(43)

Variables and Data Types

(7)

Type Qualifiers

(4)

Constructors

(4)

Operators

(4)

Program Statements and Structures

100

(4)

The Preprocessor

104

(3)

Built-in Variables

107

(6)

Built-in Functions

113

(9)

The OpenGL Shading Language C API

122

(25)

Vertex- and Fragment-Shader Setup

122

(2)

Shader Programs

124

(2)

Shader and Program Management

126

(2)

Supplying Shaders with Information

128

(15)

Shader and Program Object Information Query Functions

143

(4)

Using the OpenGL Shading Language

147

(29)

Shader Management Classes

147

(3)

Texturing

150

(12)

Lighting and Fog

162

(9)

Using Multiple Render Targets

171

(5)

Performance Tips and Hints

176

(2)

Write Clear Code

176

(1)

Do as Much as You Can as Early as You Can

176

(1)

Prefer ALU Operations to Texture Fetches

177

(1)

Minimize Array Sizes

177

(1)

Avoid Using Vectors to Store Scalars

177

(1)

Use Compile-Time Constants Where Possible

177

(1)

Use Uniforms Carefully

177

(1)

Try to Perform Vector Operations

177

(1)

Avoid Unnecessary State Changes

177

(1)

Be Careful of Ubershaders

178

(1)

Summary

178

(1)

References

178

(1)

Advanced Texture Mapping

179

(54)

Anisotropic Filtering

180

(1)

Compressed Textures

181

(4)

Automatic Texture Compression

182

(2)

Loading Precompressed Textures

184

(1)

Floating-Point Textures and Buffers

185

(2)

Querying Texture Component Types

186

(1)

Half Floats

187

(1)

Non-Power-of-Two Textures and Texture Rectangles

187

(2)

Non-Power-of-Two Textures

188

(1)

Texture Rectangles

188

(1)

Alternative Approaches

189

(1)

Bump Mapping

189

(10)

Working in Texture Space

190

(1)

Emboss Mapping

191

(2)

Normal Mapping

193

(6)

Final Thoughts

199

(1)

References

199

(1)

Parallax Mapping

199

(8)

Methodology

201

(2)

The Bad News

203

(1)

Offset Limiting

204

(1)

Self-Shadowing

204

(3)

References

207

(1)

Displacement Mapping

207

(4)

Methodology

207

(1)

Tessellation

208

(1)

Implementation

209

(2)

References

211

(1)

Detail Texturing

211

(3)

Multitexturing

213

(1)

Conclusion

214

(1)

Projective Textures

214

(10)

Q Coordinate Division

216

(2)

Parallel Texture Projections

218

(1)

Fixed-Function Projective Texturing

218

(4)

Eliminating Unwanted Artifacts

222

(1)

Projective-Texture Implementation Using Shaders

222

(2)

Dynamic Texturing

224

(7)

Offscreen Rendering with pbuffers

226

(1)

RTT Method 1: glReadPixels()

227

(1)

RTT Method 2: glCopyTexSublmage()

228

(1)

RTT Method 3: WGL_ARB_render_texture

229

(1)

RTT Method 4: GL_EXT_framebuffer_object

230

(1)

Summary

231

(2)

Part II: Graphics Toolbox

233

(310)

Advanced Lighting and Shading

235

(74)

Advanced Lighting and Materials

235

(14)

Review of the OpenGL Lighting Model

236

(2)

BRDFs

238

(1)

Microfacet Models

239

(1)

Oren-Nayar Model

240

(3)

Cook-Torrance Model

243

(2)

Ashikhmin Model

245

(3)

Conclusion

248

(1)

References

248

(1)

Deferred Shading

249

(18)

Limitations of Forward Shading

250

(1)

Deferred Shading Overview

251

(1)

Working with the G-Buffer

252

(8)

Image-Space Lighting

260

(5)

Shadows

265

(1)

Transparency and Anti-aliasing

266

(1)

Conclusion

266

(1)

References

266

(1)

High Dynamic Range Lighting and Rendering

267

(17)

Superbright Pixels

268

(2)

Tone Mapping

270

(2)

HDR Lighting

272

(1)

Image-Based Lighting and Rendering

273

(1)

Diffuse Irradiance Maps

273

(1)

Specular Convolution

274

(1)

Ambient Occlusion

275

(1)

Bent Normals

276

(1)

OpenGL Limitations

277

(1)

Hardware Limitations

278

(1)

Image-Based Lighting Example

279

(4)

Conclusion

283

(1)

References

283

(1)

Non-Photorealistic Rendering

284

(24)

The Model Format

285

(1)

Edge Rendering

285

(15)

Cartoon Shading

300

(5)

Other Techniques

305

(2)

References

307

(1)

Summary

308

(1)

Special Effects

309

(82)

Billboards

310

(7)

Radial Symmetry

310

(5)

Asymmetrical Objects

315

(2)

Introduction to Particle Systems

317

(12)

Particles

318

(3)

Particle Systems

321

(3)

Particle System Managers

324

(1)

Implementation

324

(4)

Particle System Effects

328

(1)

Example: Snowstorm

328

(1)

Enhanced Particle Systems

329

(17)

Point Sprites

329

(4)

Adding Basic Scripting to the Particle System

333

(8)

Improving Particle Systems with the GPU

341

(4)

References

345

(1)

Glow

346

(7)

Implementation Details

347

(5)

Specular-Component-Based Glow

352

(1)

Planar Reflections and Refractions

353

(9)

Reflections

354

(2)

Stencil-Buffer Reflections

356

(5)

Refractions

361

(1)

Robust Multilevel Reflections

362

(13)

Introduction

363

(1)

Multilevel Reflections in Game Engines

363

(1)

Available Techniques

364

(1)

Rendering Stencil Multilevel Reflections

365

(8)

Limiting Maximum Reflection Level

373

(1)

Summary and Demo

374

(1)

References

375

(1)

Shadows

375

(14)

Static Shadows

376

(1)

Projective Shadows

376

(3)

Shadow Volumes

379

(4)

Shadow Mapping

383

(5)

Other Methods

388

(1)

References

389

(1)

Summary

389

(2)

Rendering Nature

391

(42)

Rendering Water

391

(14)

What Makes Water Look Like Water?

392

(2)

Fresnel's Equations

394

(4)

Implementation and Results

398

(7)

Plants and Vegetation

405

(4)

Creation of a Tree

406

(1)

Performance Optimizations

406

(1)

Visual Enhancements

407

(1)

Summary

408

(1)

Procedural Foliage

409

(15)

Tree Generation

409

(2)

The Algorithm

411

(4)

Generating Geometry

415

(4)

Leaf Placement

419

(1)

Level of Detail

420

(2)

Placement of Trees

422

(2)

Implementation Notes and Suggestions

424

(1)

References

424

(1)

Fur Rendering

424

(7)

Generating the Textures

425

(2)

Creating the Shell

427

(1)

Creating the Fins

428

(2)

Putting It All Together

430

(1)

References

431

(1)

Summary

431

(2)

Rendering Skies

433

(56)

Skyplanes

433

(8)

Creating the Geometry

436

(2)

Rendering

438

(1)

Fading

438

(2)

Faking Volumetric Clouds

440

(1)

Skyboxes

441

(8)

Rendering

442

(1)

Problems at Skybox Edges

443

(1)

Positioning the Skybox

444

(1)

Creating Skybox Textures

445

(2)

Multilayered Skyboxes

447

(1)

Skybox Animation

447

(1)

References

448

(1)

Skydomes

449

(28)

Generating the Dome

451

(3)

Mapping a Sky Image onto the Dome

454

(1)

Rendering the Skydome

455

(1)

Making Skydome Textures from Cubemaps

456

(2)

Using Color Tables for Skydome Simulation

458

(3)

Using Sky Maps for Skydome Simulation

461

(3)

Physically Based Sky Color Computation

464

(10)

Getting the Color at the Horizon

474

(1)

Planetary Elements

474

(2)

Conclusion

476

(1)

References

476

(1)

Clouds

477

(10)

Noise

477

(1)

Using the Fractal

478

(3)

Using the 3D Texture

481

(1)

Spherical Implicit Equations

482

(1)

Implementation with Volume Rendering in OpenGL

482

(4)

Improvements

486

(1)

References

487

(1)

Summary

487

(2)

Terrain

489

(54)

Heightmaps

490

(2)

Terrain Generation

492

(7)

Initial Creation

492

(1)

Fault Lines

493

(2)

Hill Algorithm

495

(2)

Smoothing

497

(1)

Scaling

498

(1)

Adjusting

499

(1)

Terrain Rendering

499

(35)

Brute Force

500

(9)

Frustum Culling

509

(4)

Chunked LOD

513

(21)

Terrain Texturing

534

(7)

Texture Blending

534

(1)

Creating a Single Texture

534

(2)

Multitexturing

536

(1)

Lighting and Shadows

537

(4)

Summary

541

(1)

References

541

(2)

Part III: Elements of a Game

543

3D Models and Skeletal Animation

545

(20)

Introduction

545

(2)

Types of 3D Models

545

(1)

What You Will Learn in This Chapter

546

(1)

Basic Model Loading and the OBJ Format

547

(2)

Skeletal Animation

549

(14)

What Is Skeletal Animation?

550

(2)

Quaternion Review

552

(4)

Loading MS3D

556

(7)

Conclusion

563

(1)

References

564

(1)

Scene Management

565

Elements of a Game Level

566

(2)

Rendering Elements

566

(1)

Collision Elements

567

(1)

Miscellaneous Elements

567

(1)

What Is Scene Management?

568

(5)

View Frustum Culling

568

(3)

Scene Graphs

571

(2)

Portal-and-BSP Scene Management

573

(17)

Portal-Based Engines

573

(6)

BSP Trees: Where We Are and What We See

579

(8)

Visibility Determination Using Occlusion Queries

587

(2)

About the Code

589

(1)

References

589

(1)

Other Scene-Management Techniques

590

(14)

Quadtrees

590

(1)

Octrees

591

(5)

Adaptive Binary Trees

596

(8)

Summary

604

References

604

Appendix A Low-Level Shading Languages Reference

(1)

Instructions

(5)

Parameter Vectors

(3)

ARB_vertex_program Attribute Vectors

(1)

ARB_vertex_program Result Vectors

(1)

ARB_fragment_program Attribute Vectors

(1)

ARB_fragment_program Result Vectors

Appendix B OpenGL Shading Language Reference

(606)

Uniform Reference

(3)

Matrix State

(1)

Derived Matrix State

(1)

Normal Scaling

(1)

Depth Range

(1)

Clip Planes

(1)

Point Size

(1)

Material State

(1)

Light State

(1)

Derived Light State

(1)

Texture Environment and Generation

(1)

Fog

(1)

API Reference

(603)

glAttachShader()

(1)

glBindAttribLocation()

(1)

glCompileShader()

(1)

glCreateProgram()

(1)

glCreateShader()

(1)

glDeleteProgram()

(1)

glDeleteShader()

(1)

glDetachShader()

(1)

glEnableVertexAttribArray() / glDisableVertexAttribArray()

(1)

glGetActiveAttrib()

(1)

glGetActiveUniform()

(1)

glGetAttachedShaders()

(1)

glGetAttribLocation()

(1)

glGetProgram()

(1)

glGetProgramInfoLog()

(1)

glGetShader()

(1)

glGetShaderInfoLog()

(1)

glGetShaderSource()

(1)

glGetUniform()

(1)

glGetUniformLocation()

(1)

glGetVertexAttrib()

(1)

glGetVertexAttribPointer()

(1)

gllsProgram()

(1)

gllsShader()

(1)

glLinkProgram()

(1)

glShaderSource()

(1)

glUniform()

(2)

glUseProgram()

(1)

glValidateProgram()

(1)

glVertexAttrib()

(2)

glVertexAttribPointer()

(583)

Index

607

Kids

Men

Women

For You

For Your Car

For Your Home

For Your Pet

Artwork

Cards

Games

Holiday

Mascot

Sporting

Stationary

Graduation Gifts

Office Supplies

School Supplies

Clothing

More Opengl Game Programming

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More Opengl Game Programming

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