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For Fundamentals of Nursing, Introduction to Nursing and Critical Thinking. Can be used in all clinical courses.
This innovative text uses concrete examples and hands-on exercises to help students clearly understand and apply the five steps of the nursing process to today's rapidly changing healthcare environment. Instead of giving step-by-step instructions on how to use the nursing process in practice, it encourages students to critically think about each step of the nursing process and use critical thinking to make better clinical decisions.
Wellness concepts and independent critical thinking, major emphases of this text, are incorporated into each step of the nursing process. Case studies and exercises provide students opportunities to apply the concepts presented to real world situations. Book provides extensive treatment of collaborative practice and delegation, critical thinking, case management and critical pathways.
For those interested in understanding the nursing process within a framework for providing holistic care.
Overview of Nursing Process | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
What is Nursing? | p. 1 |
Nursing Theory | p. 3 |
Human Responses | p. 4 |
Nursing, Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Practice | p. 5 |
Nursing in Wellness and Illness | p. 6 |
Why is the Nursing Process Important? | p. 7 |
What is Nursing Process? | p. 10 |
Relationship to Nursing and Caring | p. 10 |
Background | p. 10 |
Purpose and Characteristics | p. 12 |
Organization: Phases of the Nursing Process | p. 13 |
Relationship to Problem-Solving Process | p. 18 |
Qualities Needed by the Nurse | p. 20 |
Cognitive (Intellectual) Skills | p. 20 |
Creativity and Curiosity | p. 20 |
Interpersonal Skills | p. 21 |
Cultural Competence | p. 21 |
Psychomotor Skills | p. 21 |
Technological Skills | p. 22 |
Nursing Process and Wellness | p. 22 |
Nursing Process and Community Health | p. 23 |
Ethical and Cultural Considerations | p. 24 |
Summary | p. 26 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 27 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Self-Knowledge | p. 29 |
Case Study: Applying Critical Thinking and Nursing Process | p. 30 |
Selected References | p. 31 |
Critical Thinking | p. 35 |
Why Do Nurses Need to Think Critically? | p. 35 |
Nursing Is an Applied Discipline | p. 36 |
Nursing Draws on Knowledge from Other Fields | p. 37 |
Nurses Deal with Change in Stressful Environments | p. 37 |
Nurses Make Frequent, Varied, and Important Decisions | p. 38 |
What is Critical Thinking? | p. 38 |
Some Definitions of Critical Thinking | p. 39 |
Characteristics of Critical Thinking | p. 39 |
Types of Nursing Knowledge | p. 41 |
Critical Thinking Attitudes | p. 43 |
Independent Thinking | p. 44 |
Intellectual Humility | p. 44 |
Intellectual Courage | p. 45 |
Intellectual Empathy | p. 45 |
Intellectual Integrity | p. 46 |
Intellectual Perseverance | p. 46 |
Intellectual Curiosity | p. 46 |
Faith in Reason | p. 47 |
Fair-mindedness | p. 47 |
Interest in Exploring Thoughts and Feelings | p. 47 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 48 |
Using Language | p. 49 |
Perceiving | p. 51 |
Believing and Knowing | p. 52 |
Clarifying | p. 53 |
Comparing | p. 54 |
Judging and Evaluating | p. 57 |
Reasoning | p. 58 |
Complex Intellectual Activities | p. 62 |
Standards of Reasoning | p. 66 |
Critical Thinking and Nursing Process | p. 66 |
Critical Thinking and Nursing Ethics | p. 69 |
Developing Critical Thinking | p. 70 |
Summary | p. 71 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 72 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Using Language | p. 74 |
Case Study: Applying Critical Thinking and Nursing Process | p. 76 |
Selected References | p. 77 |
Assessment | p. 79 |
Assessment: The First Phase of the Nursing Process | p. 79 |
Purpose of Nursing Assessment | p. 80 |
Relationship to Other Phases of the Nursing Process | p. 81 |
Critical Thinking in Assessment | p. 81 |
Collecting Data | p. 83 |
Subjective and Objective Data | p. 83 |
Primary and Secondary Data Sources | p. 87 |
Initial Versus Ongoing Assessment | p. 88 |
Comprehensive Versus Focus Assessment | p. 89 |
Use of Computers in Assessment | p. 94 |
Data-Collection Methods | p. 95 |
Validating the Data | p. 105 |
Organizing Data | p. 105 |
Nursing Models | p. 107 |
Nonnursing Models | p. 109 |
Recording Data | p. 115 |
Special-Purpose Assessments | p. 116 |
Home Care and Functional Assessment | p. 116 |
Cultural Assessment | p. 117 |
Spiritual Assessment | p. 121 |
Wellness Assessment | p. 123 |
Family Assessment | p. 123 |
Community Assessment | p. 123 |
Ethical and Legal Considerations | p. 129 |
Honesty | p. 132 |
Confidentiality | p. 132 |
Malpractice Suits | p. 132 |
Summary | p. 133 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 134 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Believing and Knowing | p. 139 |
Case Study: Applying Critical Thinking and Nursing Process | p. 147 |
Selected References | p. 147 |
Diagnostic Reasoning | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 151 |
Diagnosis: Second Phase of Nursing Process | p. 153 |
History of Nursing Diagnosis | p. 154 |
Importance of Nursing Diagnosis | p. 155 |
Human Responses | p. 157 |
Diagnosing Health Status | p. 158 |
Patient Strengths | p. 160 |
Wellness Diagnoses | p. 160 |
Recognizing Nursing Diagnoses | p. 160 |
Recognizing Collaborative Problems | p. 163 |
Recognizing Medical Diagnoses | p. 164 |
Computer-Assisted Diagnosis | p. 167 |
Using Nursing Diagnoses with Critical Pathways | p. 168 |
Diagnostic Reasoning | p. 171 |
Use of Nursing Models | p. 171 |
Interpreting Data | p. 171 |
Verifying Diagnoses | p. 183 |
Labeling and Recording Diagnoses | p. 184 |
Health Promotion: Diagnosing Wellness | p. 184 |
Critical Thinking and Diagnosis | p. 185 |
Reflective Practice | p. 185 |
Avoiding Diagnostic Errors | p. 185 |
Ethical Considerations | p. 190 |
Summary | p. 190 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 191 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Analysis and Synthesis | p. 197 |
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | p. 202 |
Selected References | p. 203 |
Diagnostic Language | p. 205 |
Introduction | p. 205 |
Standardized Nursing Languages | p. 206 |
Classification Systems | p. 206 |
The Need for Uniform Nursing Language | p. 207 |
Existing Nursing Taxonomies | p. 208 |
NANDA International | p. 208 |
The NANDA Taxonomy | p. 210 |
NANDA Review Process | p. 210 |
Choosing a Problem Label | p. 210 |
Components of a NANDA Diagnosis | p. 211 |
How to Choose a Label | p. 215 |
Learning to Recognize the NANDA Labels | p. 218 |
Format for Writing Diagnostic Statements | p. 219 |
Actual Nursing Diagnoses | p. 220 |
Potential (Risk) Nursing Diagnoses | p. 225 |
Possible Nursing Diagnoses | p. 226 |
Wellness Diagnoses (Format) | p. 226 |
Collaborative Problems | p. 226 |
Relationship of Nursing Diagnoses to Outcomes and Nursing Orders | p. 227 |
Thinking Critically About the Content of Diagnostic Statements | p. 228 |
Wellness Diagnoses | p. 232 |
Spiritual Diagnoses | p. 234 |
Family and Home Health Diagnoses | p. 235 |
Community Health Diagnoses | p. 236 |
Issues Associated with the NANDA Classification | p. 237 |
Unrealistic Expectations | p. 238 |
Effect on Holistic Perspective | p. 238 |
Ethical Considerations | p. 238 |
Cultural Considerations | p. 240 |
Recording Nursing Diagnoses | p. 240 |
Prioritizing Diagnoses | p. 241 |
Preservation of Life | p. 241 |
Maslow's Hierarchy | p. 242 |
Patient Preference | p. 242 |
Summary | p. 243 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 244 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Clarifying, Comparing, and Contrasting | p. 251 |
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | p. 254 |
Selected References | p. 256 |
Planning: Overview and Outcomes | p. 259 |
Learning Outcomes | p. 259 |
Introduction | p. 259 |
Planning: Third Phase of Nursing Process | p. 260 |
Initial Versus Ongoing Planning | p. 262 |
Discharge Planning | p. 263 |
Patient Plans of Care | p. 266 |
Computerized Care Planning | p. 267 |
Comprehensive Nursing Plans of Care | p. 267 |
Multidisciplinary Plans of Care (Critical Pathways) | p. 271 |
Planning Outcomes | p. 271 |
Purpose of the Outcome Statement | p. 273 |
Writing Outcome Statements | p. 273 |
The Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) | p. 283 |
Family and Home Health Outcomes | p. 285 |
Community Outcomes | p. 286 |
Goals/Outcomes for Wellness Diagnoses | p. 287 |
Patient Teaching Goals/Outcomes | p. 289 |
Critical Thinking: Reflecting on Planning | p. 290 |
Guidelines for Judging the Quality of Outcome Statements | p. 291 |
Ethical Considerations in Planning | p. 296 |
Legal Issues in Planning | p. 297 |
Spiritual Planning and Outcomes | p. 298 |
Cultural Considerations in Planning | p. 299 |
Summary | p. 299 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 300 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Classifying | p. 306 |
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | p. 310 |
Selected References | p. 312 |
Planning: Interventions | p. 315 |
Introduction | p. 315 |
Nursing Interventions | p. 316 |
Types of Interventions | p. 316 |
Theory-Based Planning | p. 319 |
Nursing Interventions and Problem Status | p. 319 |
How to Generate and Select Nursing Activities/Interventions | p. 322 |
Computerized Planning | p. 327 |
Writing Nursing Orders | p. 327 |
Purpose | p. 327 |
Components of a Nursing Order | p. 328 |
Standardized Language for Nursing Interventions | p. 329 |
The Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) | p. 329 |
Community Nursing Interventions | p. 334 |
Family and Home Health Interventions | p. 335 |
Formal Teaching Plans | p. 337 |
Wellness Interventions | p. 338 |
Standardized Wellness Interventions | p. 338 |
Spiritual Interventions | p. 339 |
Thinking Critically About Planning | p. 341 |
Reflecting on Interventions | p. 341 |
Reflecting on Ethical Factors | p. 342 |
Reflecting on Cultural Factors | p. 343 |
Summary | p. 344 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 346 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Recognizing Relevant Information | p. 350 |
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | p. 353 |
Selected References | p. 353 |
Implementation | p. 357 |
Learning Outcomes | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 357 |
Relationship of Implementation to Other Nursing Process Phases | p. 360 |
Healthcare Delivery Systems | p. 360 |
Preparing to Act | p. 361 |
Preparing the Nurse | p. 363 |
Preparing the Patient | p. 363 |
Preparing Supplies and Equipment | p. 364 |
Action: Doing or Delegating | p. 365 |
Teaching for Self-Care | p. 366 |
Delegation and Supervision | p. 367 |
Thinking Critically About Implementation | p. 370 |
Recording | p. 370 |
Functions of Client Records | p. 372 |
Documenting Nursing Process | p. 373 |
Documentation Methods | p. 377 |
Computerized Documentation | p. 381 |
Documenting with Standardized Language | p. 386 |
Guidelines for Charting | p. 386 |
Home Healthcare Documentation | p. 388 |
Long-Term Care Documentation | p. 390 |
Oral Reports | p. 391 |
Ethical Issues in Implementation | p. 392 |
Respect for Dignity | p. 393 |
Privacy and Confidentiality | p. 393 |
Legal Considerations | p. 394 |
Falls | p. 394 |
Restraints | p. 395 |
Questioning Medical Orders | p. 395 |
Patient Behaviors That May Contribute to an Injury | p. 395 |
Cultural and Spiritual Considerations | p. 396 |
Cultural Care | p. 397 |
Spiritual Care | p. 397 |
Summary | p. 398 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 399 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Reasoning | p. 403 |
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | p. 407 |
Selected References | p. 409 |
Evaluation | p. 411 |
Learning Outcomes | p. 411 |
Introduction | p. 411 |
General Characteristics of Evaluation | p. 412 |
Standards and Criteria | p. 413 |
Evaluation in Nursing Process | p. 414 |
Relationship to Other Phases | p. 415 |
Evaluating Patient Progress | p. 416 |
Evaluating/Revising the Plan of Care | p. 421 |
Reflecting Critically About Evaluation | p. 428 |
Evaluation Errors | p. 428 |
Ethical Considerations | p. 429 |
Cultural and Spiritual Considerations | p. 430 |
Quality Assurance/Improvement | p. 431 |
Computerized Records and Standardized Nursing Languages | p. 431 |
Types of Quality-Assurance Evaluation | p. 432 |
A Procedure for Quality-Assurance Evaluation | p. 434 |
Summary | p. 436 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 437 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Judging and Evaluating | p. 441 |
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | p. 445 |
Selected References | p. 447 |
Creating a Plan of Care | p. 449 |
Learning Outcomes | p. 449 |
Introduction | p. 449 |
Comprehensive Plans of Care | p. 450 |
Components of a Comprehensive Plan of Care | p. 451 |
Standardized Approaches to Care Planning | p. 455 |
Computerized Care Plans and Standardized Language | p. 465 |
Care-Planning Guide | p. 465 |
Creating a Comprehensive Plan of Care | p. 466 |
Case Study: Luisa Sanchez | p. 468 |
Assessment | p. 470 |
Diagnosis | p. 470 |
Planning | p. 473 |
Implementation | p. 480 |
Evaluation | p. 480 |
How to Mind-Map a Plan of Care | p. 182 |
Wellness in the Acute-Care Setting | p. 483 |
Ethical Considerations | p. 485 |
Summary | p. 485 |
Nursing Process Practice | p. 486 |
Instructions for Preparing the Nursing Plan of Care | p. 489 |
Critical Thinking Practice: Similarities and Differences | p. 492 |
ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements | p. 494 |
Multidisciplinary (Collaborative) Problems Associated with Diseases and other Physiological Disorders | p. 495 |
Multidisciplinary (Collaborative) Problems Associated with Surgical Treatments | p. 504 |
Answer Keys | p. 508 |
Index | p. 533 |
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