
Private Equity as an Asset Class
by Guy Fraser-SampsonRent Book
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Summary
Author Biography
He has extensive experience of the evaluation of private equity managers, including having personally designed and developed a computer model for the evaluation of buyout performance, but is equally recognised as an authority on venture capital. In addition to his work with fund managers (“GPs”), he has also been involved in direct, secondary and mezzanine transactions over the years, as well as planning and monitoring private equity programmes from the investor (“LP”) perspective.
Guy is a well-known figure on the conference circuit both as a speaker and, increasingly, as a provider of keynote addresses. He has written for private equity publications for many years, and is perhaps best known for his regular monthly column in Real Deals. In addition to various professional qualifications, he has an LLB with honours from King’s College London and an MBA majoring in finance from Warwick Business School.
In recent years, Guy has also become acknowledged as an expert on pension fund investment and asset allocation generally, and he has written for all of Europe’s English language pension publications. His first book, Multi Asset Class Investment Strategy, published as part of the Wiley Finance series last year to what Global Pensions described as “rave reviews from the UK pension industry” has been hailed as a major contribution to modern portfolio theory. It went into the Amazon “Hot 100” six weeks after its launch, and has been featured in newspapers and financial periodicals around the world.
Table of Contents
Introduction | p. xiii |
Acknowledgements | p. xxiii |
What is Private Equity? | p. 1 |
Fund investing versus direct investing | p. 2 |
Terminology | p. 4 |
Primary versus secondary fund investing | p. 6 |
A broad delineation: buyout and venture | p. 7 |
Capital: allocated, committed, drawn down and invested | p. 9 |
How do private equity funds work? | p. 11 |
Structure | p. 11 |
Cashflow | p. 13 |
Investment | p. 15 |
Fundraising | p. 16 |
Summary | p. 20 |
Private Equity Returns - The Basics | p. 23 |
Understanding the J-curve and compound returns | p. 23 |
Upper quartile figures | p. 29 |
Median returns | p. 30 |
Average returns | p. 31 |
Pooled returns | p. 34 |
Multiples | p. 34 |
Distributed over Paid In (DPI) | p. 37 |
Paid In to Committed Capital (PICC) | p. 38 |
Residual Value to Paid In (RVPI) | p. 38 |
Total Value to Paid In (TVPI) | p. 38 |
Valuation | p. 39 |
Fees | p. 40 |
Time-weighted returns | p. 41 |
Summary | p. 42 |
Buyout | p. 45 |
Types of buyout transactions | p. 45 |
MBO | p. 45 |
MBI | p. 46 |
BIMBO | p. 46 |
LBO | p. 47 |
Take private | p. 47 |
Roll-up | p. 48 |
Other "buyout" activity | p. 48 |
Established businesses | p. 50 |
Debt | p. 52 |
Earnings | p. 54 |
Size | p. 55 |
Control | p. 58 |
Barriers to entry | p. 61 |
Summary | p. 64 |
How to Analyse Buyouts | p. 67 |
Earnings | p. 68 |
EBIT | p. 70 |
EBITDA | p. 71 |
Earnings growth | p. 72 |
Multiple | p. 74 |
Multiple increase in an imperfect market | p. 74 |
Multiple increase in a perfect market | p. 77 |
Leverage | p. 78 |
Recapitalisation | p. 79 |
Timing | p. 80 |
Modelling and analysing buyout funds | p. 82 |
Summary | p. 87 |
Buyout Returns | p. 89 |
US versus European buyout | p. 89 |
Buyout skill bases | p. 91 |
Imperfect markets | p. 92 |
Earnings multiples | p. 94 |
Earnings growth | p. 97 |
Leverage | p. 100 |
Fund size | p. 101 |
What can we expect from buyout returns in future? | p. 107 |
Recent fundraising levels | p. 109 |
Some conclusions and predictions | p. 111 |
Summary | p. 113 |
Venture Capital | p. 115 |
What is venture capital? | p. 115 |
Backing new applications, not new technology | p. 116 |
Classification by sector | p. 118 |
IT | p. 118 |
Telecoms | p. 121 |
Life Science | p. 124 |
Classification by stage | p. 128 |
Seed | p. 129 |
The US model | p. 131 |
Seed stage focus | p. 131 |
Home run mentality | p. 133 |
"Value add" | p. 133 |
The US model comes to Europe | p. 134 |
Why European venture capital firms have avoided the seed stage | p. 134 |
Classification by stage, continued | p. 135 |
Early stage investing | p. 135 |
Mid- and late stage investing | p. 135 |
Summary | p. 135 |
How to Analyse Venture | p. 137 |
The fundamentals | p. 137 |
Money multiples | p. 137 |
Valuation | p. 140 |
Cost and value | p. 147 |
IRRs and multiples | p. 149 |
Going In Equity (GI%) | p. 150 |
Percentage of the holding within the fund | p. 151 |
The impact of home runs | p. 151 |
Summary | p. 155 |
Venture Returns | p. 157 |
US out-performance versus Europe | p. 157 |
Money multiples drive IRRs | p. 159 |
Home runs and the golden circle | p. 160 |
Market conditions | p. 163 |
European venture - is it as bad as it seems? | p. 165 |
Returns and fund size | p. 170 |
Venture returns by stage | p. 175 |
What of the future? | p. 177 |
Summary | p. 180 |
Due Diligence | p. 183 |
Buyout funds | p. 186 |
Venture funds | p. 188 |
Co-investors | p. 191 |
Cross-fund investing | p. 192 |
Buyout companies | p. 192 |
Venture companies | p. 194 |
Fund of Funds | p. 196 |
Monitoring private equity funds | p. 198 |
Summary | p. 201 |
Planning your Investment Programme | p. 203 |
Cashflow planning | p. 203 |
Allocated, committed and invested capital | p. 205 |
Diversification by time | p. 206 |
Proper commitment levels | p. 208 |
Diversification by sector and geography | p. 209 |
Total Return | p. 213 |
How to deal with uninvested capital | p. 214 |
Secondaries | p. 216 |
Mezzanine | p. 219 |
Private equity proxies | p. 219 |
Towards a new world of private equity programmes | p. 220 |
Summary | p. 222 |
Glossary | p. 225 |
Index | p. 253 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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